user datagram protocol http://www.artwoo.com Returned search results for user datagram protocol Copyright 2008 Sat, 22 Nov 2008 16:54:52 +0000 http://www.artwoo.com/rss/user+datagram+protocol Diameter Protocol - The Next Generation AAA Protocol http://www.artwoo.com/article/diameter-protocol-the-next-generation-aaa-protocol http://www.artwoo.com/article/diameter-protocol-the-next-generation-aaa-protocol#comments Wed, 19 Nov 2008 10:01:33 +0000 http://www.artwoo.com/article/diameter-protocol-the-next-generation-aaa-protocol Diameter protocol is an upgrade of the older AAA protocol, Remote Authentication Dial In User Service (RADIUS). So what good are these AAA protocols? Let us start by defining what AAA stands for. Authentication, Authorization, and Accounting (AAA) are the major processes required when an entity requests a connection to a network service. Both Diameter and RADIUS protocols provide these services for anybody or any machine that wishes to make contact with a network.

Services requiring AAA protocols include ISP's, web servers, Wireless Networks, and other services that need authentication of an entity before providing a connection. Connecting to an ISP providing dial-up connection requires a user of an ID and a password. The process starts by verifying the account from the ISP's valid entries, once verified it continues to search for privileges given to the user before allowing it to access the accounting section of the network. Diameter protocol uses an enhanced method in performing the process.

Advanced features of diameter protocol include error management and notification, enhanced AVP (attribute-value pairs), and reliable connection through the use of TCP and SCTP instead of UDP. RADIUS can perform the basic function of an AAA protocol however, the demand for more reliability and security made the advent of diameter protocol. This includes the requirement of wireless network providers for advance roaming features.

Diameter protocol uses peer-to-peer standard. This means that an entity implementing the protocol can either be the client or server. A client may request a connection to the server by sending an Accounting-Request. This request will then be verified by a Capability-Exchange-Request (CER) message and once recognized for compatibility the receiver will then be sending Account- Answer message.

To secure diameter messages, it is required that a diameter stack must use IPsec and an optional TLS (Transport Layer Security) to convey these messages. Diameter data is carried in the form of AVP containing routing information and AAA information. Messages can be in different forms, but are synchronous from both the requesting entity and the server. A counterpart message form is located at the server to transport back responses to the client.

A connection can be established by sending a request to another diameter peer. Once a responding peer is detected, a client diameter will then issue a unique session-id to determine the time frame of the connection. The session-id holds the information for the session as the communication continues. The session will be constantly monitored by the diameter server to determine to connectivity of both nodes. If a recipient is not present, a termination session will be sent ending the connection.

Diameter stack allows developer to integrate the protocol to any application that complies with the requirement. Through the diameter stack, an application may be able to support applications or interfaces with extensions Cx, CCA, Dx, Rf, Ro, and Sh. A diameter stack should also be compliant with the 3GPP or 3GPP2 standards.

If you are looking for more information related to then feel free to visit http://www.traffixsystems.comIf you are looking for more information related to diameter stack then feel free to visit diameter protocol from TraffixSystems.Com.]]> What Are Firewalls And Why You Should Have One http://www.artwoo.com/article/what-are-firewalls-and-why-you-should-have-one http://www.artwoo.com/article/what-are-firewalls-and-why-you-should-have-one#comments Thu, 24 Aug 2006 10:27:24 +0000 computer network systemcomputer circuitfirewall workspersonal computer networkuser datagram protocolproxy serverfirewalls http://www.artwoo.com/article/what-are-firewalls-and-why-you-should-have-one firewall works as a security doorway that stops unknown and seemingly harmful and therefore unauthorized entry to your personal . It acts as the first line of defense against programs that may harm your personal information. A good firewall protects your information from trojans, spyware, adware, hackers, malware and worms.

are security-ensuring schemes that manage and decide who can gain access and send information to your computer network. Firewalls help both hardware and software. To ensure tighter security, most systems use a combination of each.

All messages to and from your computer pass first through the firewall. The firewall checks each and every message and bars those that are against the security criteria or rules laid down by your computer.

Simply put, a firewall acts as a security guard for your computer network. Anything going in or out of it is thoroughly checked by this security scanner and who it decides to keep away is completely based on the rules you have laid down!

However, firewalls are not as simple as they sound. They can be very complex. Firewalls can mean a whole aggregation of methods that can be used one by one or in combination, depending on the degree of security you need to attain.

Firewall methods may be of varying nature:

• Application gateway -- this installs security methods on particular applications (FTP, Telnet, etc.)

• Packet filters -- studies each operation running on your computer minutely and allows or discards according to rules set by your computer

• Circuit-level gateway -- provides safety-ensuring techniques for connections like Transmission Control Protocol or TCP and or UDP

• - any message entering or exiting your network must pass this proxy server because it effectively conceals your computer address

Superior security is also provided by encrypted data. Many network systems use this method to strengthen safety measures.

To protect data that passes your computer network, installation of firewalls is a must. Plus, if you are a regular web surfer, the presence of a firewall becomes mandatory.

However, it is a known fact that no system is flawless. A computer or network plugged to the Internet is not far away from hackers! Therefore, it is wise to keep a back-up of important data on a secure off-line base: floppy disks, CDs, or on a computer that does not make use of the Internet. Daily or weekly back-ups ensure the safety of your data and programs.

A sound firewall provides adequate protection against illegal access to your computer by scumware like spyware and adware. A firewall provides an effective line of defense. Richard Pace is an author and system designer. See more articles at http://www.topfirewallsoftware.info ]]> Questions And Answers About File Transfer Protocol (FTP) http://www.artwoo.com/article/questions-and-answers-about-file-transfer-protocol-ftp http://www.artwoo.com/article/questions-and-answers-about-file-transfer-protocol-ftp#comments Thu, 12 Oct 2006 06:27:07 +0000 computer usercomputer userstransfer computer filesindividual computernew computertransfer filestype of operating system http://www.artwoo.com/article/questions-and-answers-about-file-transfer-protocol-ftp transfer computer files over the Internet between computers without regard to the each computer has. For example, FTP will allow User A, who has a Macintosh to to User B who has a Windows system.

FTP is important as it provides easy access for s to send information to one another who may utilize different operating systems. Rather than having to upgrade one's system to accommodate the file which was received, the user can access the information coming from another operating system due to the FTP.

FTP has a longstanding relationship with . In fact, this type of operation method was instituted in 1971 in a very archaic manner as one would assume. Since that time the FTP protocol has developed into an exceptionally good file transfer method.

There are three main ways in which a computer user can access the FTP method. The first way to do so is through the browser's FTP capability although there will be limitations on this method. A second way to use the FTP is by downloading FTP programs which will provide access to the individual and enable them to transfer files. Lastly, one who wishes to give FTP a try can do so by using command language relating to FTP through a DOS prompt.

Some individuals may wonder whether using FTP is easy to do. The general answer to this question is in the affirmative. Once an individual learns how to access FTP and maneuver through the steps in order to get FTP to work they will easily pick up the process. Every time a computer user accesses FTP, the whole process should get that much easier.

For those individuals who are users and may need a little extra help with the concept of FTP, there is a wealth of information at their fingertips. One can go online and search for articles and websites relating to FTP. Many of these documents will provide step-by-step instructions for the individual to learn how to utilize FTP. Another wonderful way to learn more about FTP is through computer books. One who goes to the local library or bookstore will be met with a wealth of options regarding computer use in general and FTP information more specifically.

Learning how to use FTP will certainly come in handy for many individuals. It is not a hard process to understand and learn which makes it even more so why individuals should try to expand their knowledge with regard to FTP. Read more from Joe Goertz at: http://www.builderstree.com ]]> Servers: Just What Are They And Why Do We Need Them! http://www.artwoo.com/article/servers-just-what-are-they-and-why-do-we-need-them http://www.artwoo.com/article/servers-just-what-are-they-and-why-do-we-need-them#comments Mon, 20 Nov 2006 16:27:03 +0000 internet protocol addressesip addressip addressesip internetinternet browsersmywebsiteweb page address http://www.artwoo.com/article/servers-just-what-are-they-and-why-do-we-need-them
Servers are what make it possible for you to view what you wish to view on the Internet. At its most basic level, what happens when using servers is that browsers connect to servers, requesting that a Web page be displayed. The servers then send back the pages requested. are what form the connections to Web servers that allow the page to be requested and then received by the end user.

There are three parts to a , better known as a URL. The first part of this URL is called a protocol. The first part of the address is called the protocol. Http is a protocol and stands for Hypertext transit protocol. The next part of the URL tells you the name of the server. In .com" >http://www.myWebSite.com , the server is MyWebSite. The file name is something like web-server.htm, for example.

Browsers communicate with name servers to translate those server names into IP (Internet Protocol) addresses, which is the way they connect to the machine that is acting as the server. Browsers connect by means of ports, all of which are numbered. Port 80, for example, is a common port number.

Every machine has its own unique IP. These addresses are made up of 32 bits, and are usually expressed in four groupings in a dotted decimal number. These groupings are known as octets. An example of an written as an octet is 327.38.72.248 .

Servers have that are static and seldom change. A home computer getting online through its modem often has an IP address that the ISP assigns when the machine gets online. The IP address is unique only for that session, so it can change each time the user uses it to get online. This is more efficient for the ISP, as it only needs to have one address for each machine that has dialed in, rather than saving a particular IP for each machine.

After the HTTP protocol, the browser sends a request to the server, called a GET request, which asks for the file. A GET request can also send cookies from browsers to servers. The next step is when the server sends the HTML text for that requested Internet page back to the browser. The HTML tags then read by the browser and subsequently format the page onto the user's screen.

The Internet is made up of a huge collection of computers -- millions of them -- that are all linked by one common computer network. This computer network makes it possible for the computers to all talk to each other. A home PC can be linked to this Internet through dial up (a landline telephone carrier's line), through DSL line, or a cable modem. All of these systems communicate with an Internet Service Provider (ISP.)

Generally, organization or business computers are linked to each other by means of a network so that they can share information in-house back and forth. They do this by means of a network interface card. This NIC then connects directly to a local area network (LAN) that is housed within the organization or business. This LAN is then connected to the associated ISP by what is known as a T1 line, a very fast and powerful connection to the servers.

ISPS connect to each other. The largest of these ISPs maintain the backbone of the entire system across the region or perhaps the country. This backbone is fiber optic. Through these fiber optic lines, satellite links or undersea cable, various backbones connect all over the globe. This is the way servers and clients the world over connect all to each other. Robert Michael is a writer for http://nhmxservers.com which is an excellent place to find Server links, resources and articles. For more information go to: Managed Servers ]]> Voice Over Internet Protocol http://www.artwoo.com/article/voice-over-internet-protocol http://www.artwoo.com/article/voice-over-internet-protocol#comments Fri, 10 Nov 2006 20:27:08 +0000 aol instant messengervoip featuresvoip softwaremsnvoice over internet protocolyahoo messengerinternet telephony http://www.artwoo.com/article/voice-over-internet-protocol Voice over Internet Protocol, more commonly known as VoIP, is a service developing over the Internet that allows voice signals to be detected and transferred online, allowing audio conversations to carry across between people using specific computer software and an Internet connection. VoIP is also known as or broadband phone.

VoIP is very nifty in that it allows a user to make and receive phone calls through the Internet. It also guarantees communication despite mobility, in that even though a VoIP user is traveling, he or she can still receive phone calls from his or her listed landline regardless of wherever he or she is in the world, as long as he or she has a computer with the and a good connection to the Internet. Most online instant messaging clients like (AIM), and .Net Messaging Service carry that allow their users to engage in voice chats, regardless of location.

Many corporations have also begun to use VoIP because VoIP can function with and integrate other communications services over the Internet, such as file transfers and exchange, video conferencing and audio conferencing, thereby facilitating easier communication between the parties involved. In fact, VoIP has given multinational companies the opportunity to have their employees communicate with each other in real time regardless of location, thereby ridding themselves of the need to go on business travel just to be able to hold these meetings and conferences. VoIP is also an essential tool for companies operating call centers, as these inbound and outbound calls can be made through the Internet.

There are, of course, drawbacks to using VoIP. A glaring disadvantage is its total dependence on Internet access. Just to state the obvious, VoIP does not work without the Internet, and thus, a user who needs to stay linked to the rest of the world will have to find other, less convenient means if an Internet connection is not possible in the area he or she is in. Another obvious drawback is that VoIP cannot work without electricity, unless of course the computer is a laptop that can run on batteries. Roel Sundiam writes articles and reviews for http://technews.download3000.com. ]]> What Is MDI - Media Delivery Index? http://www.artwoo.com/article/what-is-mdi-media-delivery-index http://www.artwoo.com/article/what-is-mdi-media-delivery-index#comments Wed, 21 Mar 2007 22:39:59 +0000 mdiip infrastructureudp packetjitteruser datagram protocoldfmlr http://www.artwoo.com/article/what-is-mdi-media-delivery-index MDI - Media Delivery Index

Media Delivery Index is an open standard for use in quality assurance of IP video systems.

MDI is designed to address the problem of monitoring IP-encapsulated video signals in a live system.

The RFC (RFC 4445) for MDI details the technicalities of this in depth, but the issue of how this applies to real systems is more useful for many people, and that is the aim of this article.

The problem:

The fundamental problem when delivering IP encapsulated video across a network is that losing one IP packet results in multiple media packet loss.

UDP () based systems tend to encapsulate up to 7 188 (or 204) Byte Mpeg Transport Stream packets per . This means that losing one udp packet could result in 7 media packets being lost.

Loss of the media packets means that content is lost and the STB (set top box) or other end device must handle this as well as it can. Depending on the actual content of the packets (video, voice, data, stuffing) at the time, the impact will be different.

In an ideal world -- NO packets (IP or otherwise) would be lost across the network.

The biggest contributing factor to packet loss on a network is . Jitter is a increased packet delivery time caused by buffering on the video flows by network equipment across the .

If jitter is added to the flows, each network device will need to have an accordingly increased buffer size in order to store the ip packets and forward them along the network (while aggregating or removing flows which are going to or from that section of the network).

MDI therefore has 2 main components -- MDI- (Media Loss Rate), and MDI -- (delay factor -- or cumulative jitter).

MDI - MLR relates to the mpeg packets being lost and their rate.

MDI -- DF relates to the current buffer size required for a flow at that point in the network. This component is a number in Milliseconds (mS) and is dependant on the bitrate of the stream being monitored.

Since DF relates to stream bitrates and network jitter, this value changes (gets lower) as streams of higher bitrates are used.

This is an important consideration as it can be a great indicator of impending problems, and also alludes to the fact that your network jitter will have a different impact of streams of different bitrates.

This issue also means that just because your network can deliver Standard Definition Mpeg streams, you cannot make the assumption that High Definition streams will also be ok. (they tend to be higher bitrate and thus the network jitter will affect them more).

MDI was co-authored by Cisco (World dominating network hardware providers) and Ineoquest (World leading video monitoring solutions company) and is used by most proficient solutions providers and in most Quality Of Service (QOS) equipment.

Since MDI caters for both the IP layer and the Mpeg layer of monitoring, it is a very scalable and robust metric to use. Andrew Henry is an IPTV consultant and runs an iptv information site at http://www.iptvanswers.com ]]> What Is MDI - Media Delivery Index? http://www.artwoo.com/article/what-is-mdi-media-delivery-index http://www.artwoo.com/article/what-is-mdi-media-delivery-index#comments Thu, 29 Mar 2007 09:44:00 +0000 mdiip infrastructureudp packetjitteruser datagram protocoldfmlr http://www.artwoo.com/article/what-is-mdi-media-delivery-index MDI - Media Delivery Index

Media Delivery Index is an open standard for use in quality assurance of IP video systems.

MDI is designed to address the problem of monitoring IP-encapsulated video signals in a live system.

The RFC (RFC 4445) for MDI details the technicalities of this in depth, but the issue of how this applies to real systems is more useful for many people, and that is the aim of this article.

The problem:

The fundamental problem when delivering IP encapsulated video across a network is that losing one IP packet results in multiple media packet loss.

UDP () based systems tend to encapsulate up to 7 188 (or 204) Byte Mpeg Transport Stream packets per . This means that losing one udp packet could result in 7 media packets being lost.

Loss of the media packets means that content is lost and the STB (set top box) or other end device must handle this as well as it can. Depending on the actual content of the packets (video, voice, data, stuffing) at the time, the impact will be different.

In an ideal world -- NO packets (IP or otherwise) would be lost across the network.

The biggest contributing factor to packet loss on a network is . Jitter is a increased packet delivery time caused by buffering on the video flows by network equipment across the .

If jitter is added to the flows, each network device will need to have an accordingly increased buffer size in order to store the ip packets and forward them along the network (while aggregating or removing flows which are going to or from that section of the network).

MDI therefore has 2 main components -- MDI- (Media Loss Rate), and MDI -- (delay factor -- or cumulative jitter).

MDI - MLR relates to the mpeg packets being lost and their rate.

MDI -- DF relates to the current buffer size required for a flow at that point in the network. This component is a number in Milliseconds (mS) and is dependant on the bitrate of the stream being monitored.

Since DF relates to stream bitrates and network jitter, this value changes (gets lower) as streams of higher bitrates are used.

This is an important consideration as it can be a great indicator of impending problems, and also alludes to the fact that your network jitter will have a different impact of streams of different bitrates.

This issue also means that just because your network can deliver Standard Definition Mpeg streams, you cannot make the assumption that High Definition streams will also be ok. (they tend to be higher bitrate and thus the network jitter will affect them more).

MDI was co-authored by Cisco (World dominating network hardware providers) and Ineoquest (World leading video monitoring solutions company) and is used by most proficient solutions providers and in most Quality Of Service (QOS) equipment.

Since MDI caters for both the IP layer and the Mpeg layer of monitoring, it is a very scalable and robust metric to use. Andrew Henry is an IPTV consultant and runs an iptv information site at http://www.iptvanswers.com ]]> Voip Systems - Just What Is An Ip, Anyway? http://www.artwoo.com/article/voip-systems-just-what-is-an-ip-anyway http://www.artwoo.com/article/voip-systems-just-what-is-an-ip-anyway#comments Mon, 30 Jul 2007 15:25:00 +0000 internet protocol addressesnetwork layer protocoldelivery protocoldata protocolnetwork protocolmailcontact http://www.artwoo.com/article/voip-systems-just-what-is-an-ip-anyway data protocol that is used for communication across a network. A protocol, then, is a standard that governs the connection of that between two points on a network. Protocol also references a set of guidelines or rules that govern the aspects of the communication across the network.

IP, then, is what is known as a and is housed and governed in a data linkage known as Ethernet. Ethernet refers to what are essentially a family of computer properties and technologies used across local area networks or LANs. Ethernet tends to provide unique global or IP addresses to users on the networks. IP is basically the tools of communication and the identity of a particular computer or network's "global address." IP is entirely concerned with where the data ends up whereas Ethernet references and is concerned with the actual next device in the next chain of communication. To use the aforementioned example regarding a child's telephone, the Ethernet would be concerned with the two cans more than it would be with the string.

The first version of IP to be used worldwide and widely deployed was IPv4. IPv4, as the name would suggest, was the fourth edition of internet protocol and is used on the internet along with IPv6. IPv6 and Ipv4 are actually the only forms of internet protocol to be utilized on the World Wide Web. IPv4 is what is known as a "best effort delivery" protocol; there are not many service guarantees within IPv4 or any other IP for that matter. In fact, best effort delivery contains a number of notions that do not guarantee a level of quality for service customers or a level of reliability in terms of connectivity to any network. The best comparison to this philosophy would be the post office. While no resources are left unused in the operation of delivering , there is no actualized guarantee as to when you mail will arrive.

Along with a lack of data guarantee, IP may also deliver some data corruption, some lack of connectivity to the network, some double arrival in connectivity pings to the network, and even some loss of connection packets. For businesses using voice over ip phone connection or voip systems, this can cause a problem. The only thing IP actually can guarantee to its users is that the address will be correct in terms of connectivity. So the connection may be duplicated or may not arrive at any particular time and the data may be corrupted, but at least the connection knows the address and can deliver it to the address if the factors arrive as predicted. That sounds more and more like the postal service, doesn't it?

IP, while seemingly complex, simply provides a set of rules and regulations in the world of technology that enables data the ability to transmit across a given network, going as far as to include voice over ip services. This happens because the computers in the network have IP addresses and can function within the network's regulations. IP governs these addresses and the involvement of the address with the regulations, transferring data around the network. Are you looking for VOIP Solutions? Learn more about VOIP Services at http://voipsolutions.adviceforlife.net ]]> Converting A Domain Name To Ip Address... It's So Easy http://www.artwoo.com/article/converting-a-domain-name-to-ip-address-its-so-easy http://www.artwoo.com/article/converting-a-domain-name-to-ip-address-its-so-easy#comments Sat, 08 Jul 2006 00:27:13 +0000 domain name systemdomain name servicesdomain namesip addressremembered domaininternet protocol addressdestination address http://www.artwoo.com/article/converting-a-domain-name-to-ip-address-its-so-easy domain name services increase, some transformations under the domain name industry were being made and thus brought certain bangs to the lives of most people everywhere else in the world. An evidence for such claim is the many people who are searching some possible means that will greatly aid them in getting their own . In fact, many people today are engaged in selling, reselling and in buying domain names, and some of them are even finding solutions on how to convert the domain name to .

Speaking on how to convert a domain name to IP address, I am sure that many of you are still not aware that this thing exists in the world of the internet. So to let you know something about how to convert a domain name to IP address, this article is particularly written.

When it comes to the ways in converting a domain name to IP address, it is interesting to know that the or DNS plays a very vital role in this area. It is in converting a domain name to IP address that the Domain Name System takes a great part. Well, it is greatly for the main fact that the DNS is such a powerful tool that is designed to contribute a large factor in converting a domain name to IP address. And as its main purpose or function, the DNS takes hold of everything when it comes to converting a domain name to IP address.

Since the DNS is converting a domain name to IP address, it is then a nice thing to know that the IP or the is a 32-bit integer. Along with that, it is interesting to know that if you wish to send a message you should then include the . However, due to some transformations in the world of domain names and the internet, many people today preferred to assign machines pronounceable and easily names. And for such operation, the DNS largely takes part.

Aside from converting a domain name to IP address, the DNS also grants independence from knowing the physical location of a host. And in terms of the host, it is noted that it can be moved to a different network while the users are still applying the same logical name.

In the process of converting a domain name to IP address, it is considered that the DNS is a distributed database by the TCP/IP applications to map a domain name to IP address. Aside from that, the DNS serves to provide email routing information. So by converting a domain name to IP address, the clients and the servers will be able to communicate with each other.

And so with the process of converting a domain name to IP address, the system will then be able to access the DNS through a resolver, which lets the resolver to get the domain name and return back the IP address or get the IP address and search for the domain name. For that matter, the process for converting a domain name to IP address involves the functioning of the TCP for opening a link or sending a datagram through the UDRP. It is then understandable that everything is really in control when converting a domain name to IP address. The 78 BEST Selling ebook Package Money Can Buy! Visit http://www.78ebooks.com NOW! Active hyperlink must stay with article if you are going to use it. ]]> It Is Time To Switch To VoIP http://www.artwoo.com/article/it-is-time-to-switch-to-voip http://www.artwoo.com/article/it-is-time-to-switch-to-voip#comments Fri, 21 Apr 2006 13:50:05 +0000 us postal servicevoice over internet protocolemailtelephone servicevoipinternet accessvoice over internet http://www.artwoo.com/article/it-is-time-to-switch-to-voip telephone service and what you pay for long distance. Just like TV took advertisers away from radio, the Internet is taking phone service away from the old monopolies like ATandT and Bell.

The phone company giants are trembling. They are filing court cases. Their lawyers are working overtime trying to stop the tide of people who are switching from traditional telephone service to . When the giants are scared, you know we are onto something big.

What is VOIP? Protocol. According to http://www.shiftnetworks.com/glossary.cfm "Voice over Internet Protocol is the technology used to transmit voice conversations over a data network using the Internet Protocol. Such data network may be the Internet or a corporate Intranet."

"http://www.novacon.com/faq_s-z.htm has a better explanation. (Voice over Internet Protocol) - A category of hardware and software that enables people to use the Internet as the transmission medium for telephone calls. Voice data is sent in packets using rather than by traditional POTS circuits. One advantage of VoIP is that the telephone calls over the Internet do not incur a surcharge beyond what the user is paying for , much in the same way that the user doesn't pay for sending individual e-mails over the Internet."

That is the explanation that is getting many people to switch to VOIP. You pay for Internet access. You send all the you want to even though the had wanted to control it and charge you money for each email. That didn't happen. The fact that the Internet's definition is International Network keeps the US Postal Service from having any control over it.

The big phone companies would like to be able to charge for every phone call made using VOIP, but again, they do not control it. Don't count them out. They are trying. However, history shows if you try to control or get in the way to block progress, you lose in the long run.

VOIP is here to stay. You can make calls over VOIP without telephone charges and most of all without the normal FCC taxes you see on your telephone bill each month. There are VOIP services available for $20 per month out there that include your normal phone service and all of your Long Distance.

If I use VOIP, who can I call? According to one vendor's website, "Anyone and everyone! Any local phone, mobile phone, long distance, or international number -- if a number can be dialed, you can call it with voip. And if you have domestic long distance included, you can say goodbye to your long distance bill as well."

Internet phone service or VOIP replaces your existing phone service much the way cellphones have for many people. Most of these Internet based services provide you a lot of features, like voicemail, call waiting, and three-way calling, at no extra charge. They provide free local and long distance calling. And unlike cellphones, it's not just free on the third rainy Saturday of the month between 3am and 3:45am.

I am comparing some of the services for myself as I write this article. I just saw one plan for $15.95 per month with unlimited calling. No long distance fees to add on, no activation fee if you sign up for a one or two year plan. I like VOIP already, but I am a shrewd customer. I am going to keep looking.

You should do the same. Start looking through the Internet for VOIP services. Compare plans. See what they have to offer. Make the best deal for yourself and your family. But no matter which plan you choose, VOIP is the future of telephone and long distance services. Christine is the owner of http://onlinevoipinfo.com/ which deals specifically with PC to Phone and PC to PC VoIP. The site includes a comprehensive information on VoIP. ]]> Learning About Voip Solutions - Top Questions And Answers http://www.artwoo.com/article/learning-about-voip-solutions-top-questions-and-answers http://www.artwoo.com/article/learning-about-voip-solutions-top-questions-and-answers#comments Sun, 29 Jul 2007 13:34:58 +0000 voice over internet protocolip telephonyinternet telephonytelephony iptelephony internettelephony voicevoice over internet http://www.artwoo.com/article/learning-about-voip-solutions-top-questions-and-answers IP Telephony or Protocol. These questions that people often ask are heard all over these days, but our answers will help explain much about this new phase of keeping in touch with others.

What exactly is IP telephony?

IP telephony is a term that refers to VOIP technology or Voice over Internet Protocol. It is essentially the routing of voice conversations over a network, such as the internet, or any IP based interface. IP telephony, , Voice over Internet Protocol, VOIP, Broadband telephony, Broadband phone, and Voice over Broadband are all terms that relatively refer to this in the same way. If someone mentions any of those terms, they are likely referring to the notion of IP telephony. It is a growing aspect to communications, too, and many people are starting to use it in their homes to help with their communications aspects.

Where did IP telephony come from?

IP telephony is a commercial evolution of the 1973 project called "Network Voice Protocol". Network Voice Protocol was a computer networking project that was used to transport human speech patterns over communications networks. It was developed by internet researcher Danny Cohen of the Information Sciences Institute and was created to demonstrate that it was possible to develop a feasible blueprint for two-way voice communications over a digital network. The Network Voice Protocol project was used to send speech between sites on the Advanced Research Projects Agency Network or ARPANET. ARPANET is a United States Department of Defense project designed to produce a global network. It also became an ancestor of the internet.

Isn't a VOIP user "handcuffed" to an internet connection if they want to use the phone?

Certainly a drawback to the VOIP system is its reliance on internet connection. This reliance on an entirely separate service can make using VOIP telephony equipment seem to be quite complicated, at times. The quality of the connection through the VOIP system is also very reliant on the quality of the internet connection, lending to a distinct relationship between the internet connection and the phone connection that many users regret. VOIP systems can, however, use conventional phone connections for connectivity and can use other business grade network systems like a T1 connection in some cases. Many business providers, in fact, only hook the system up to a T1 connection to enable permanent connection to their network.

Just how reliable is IP telephony, anyway?

As conventional landline phones are connected to telephone company phone lines, they may actually be kept going in the event of power outages or other occurrences that may interrupt the service. Most household VOIP broadband services, however, rely on a modem connection or other powered services to make the phone work. In these cases, a VOIP phone may not be the most reliable service you can have. On the other hand, there are many options you can take to create a more reliable service for your phone so that it will not be interrupted by power outage or other issues.

What are some major VOIP or IP telephony providers?

There are many providers that are hopping aboard the VOIP bandwagon. Commercial use VOIP providers include Broadvoice, Primus Canada, ATandT CallVantage, Skype, SunRocket, Lingo, VoicePulse, http://VOIP.com, Vonage, and even Yahoo Messenger. Many of these services also have a phone package for home users that enable the same great service to take place within a home setting for Voice over Internet Protocol telephony. Are you looking for VOIP Solutions? Learn more about VOIP Services at http://voipsolutions.justfolks.net ]]> Translation Of A Domain Name To Ip Address... http://www.artwoo.com/article/translation-of-a-domain-name-to-ip-address http://www.artwoo.com/article/translation-of-a-domain-name-to-ip-address#comments Wed, 21 Jun 2006 18:32:34 +0000 domain name systemdomain namesip addressremembered domaintcp ipip applicationsdestination address http://www.artwoo.com/article/translation-of-a-domain-name-to-ip-address domain names. And as years go by, many companies and individuals are into it. Some of them are purchasing domain names, and the others are selling it, and some are even finding answers on how to translate a domain name to . But despite this fact, still many people are not aware that this thing exists in the real world. So to let them know the nature behind this thing, this article is written.

Speaking on how to translate a domain name to IP address, it is very important that the concept of the plays a large role here. The DNS is such a powerful tool that really contributes a vital part in translating a domain name to IP address, for the fact that it is the primary function of the Domain Name System -- to translate a domain name to IP address. So if you are asking how the domain name is translated to an IP address, the answer mainly lies on the operation of the Domain Name System.

Speaking of the Internet Protocol or IP address, it is noted as a 32-bit integer. So if somebody wishes to send a message, it is important to include the , but most of the people today rather prefer to assign machines pronounceable and easily names. For such reason, the Domain Name System is largely used. Aside from translating a domain name to IP address, the Domain Name System also allows independence from knowing the physical location of a host. And speaking of a host, it can be moved to a various network while the users are still using the same logical name.

In the process of translating a domain name to IP address, it is then necessary to remember that the Domain Name System is a distributed database by the TCP/ to map a domain name to IP address. It is also noted that it serves to provide electronic mail routing information. With that, each site on the web whether it is university department, company, campus, or even department within a company, for example, holds it own database of details and thus runs a server program that other systems across the internet can query. By translating a domain name to IP address, the clients and servers will be able to communicate with each other.

And through the process of translating a domain name to IP address, it is considered that the system then accesses the DNS through a resolver. The resolver then gets the domain name and then puts back the IP address or get the IP address and search for the domain name. The translation of a domain name to IP address then involves the functioning of the TCP for opening a link or sending a datagram by using the UDRP. Thus in the translation of a domain name to IP address, everything is in control and everything is in use. Discover What It Really Takes To Succeed And Profit From Your Online Business And Find Out The Little Discussed Facts That People Ignore - Or Choose To Ignore - That Makes You Either An Internet Entrepreneur Or Simply, Plain Broke! http://www.internetentrepreneurship.com You May Reproduce this article as long as an active hyperlink is accompanied. ]]> Personal Injury May be Affected by Extended Pre-Action Protocols http://www.artwoo.com/article/personal-injury-may-be-affected-by-extended-pre-action-protocols http://www.artwoo.com/article/personal-injury-may-be-affected-by-extended-pre-action-protocols#comments Sat, 22 Nov 2008 10:57:28 +0000 civil justice councilclinical disputesdisclosure of documentsalternative dispute resolutioncourt proceedingscjclitigants http://www.artwoo.com/article/personal-injury-may-be-affected-by-extended-pre-action-protocols Civil Justice Council () has completed various studies and is now seeking to establish the introduction of pre-action protocols across all actions which can be litigated in the Courts. The introduction of these pre-action protocols is aimed at persuading potential to attempt to resolve their dispute before they start a claim and demands for are issued.

There are well-defined pre-action protocol obligations that are in place for nine areas, the better known of which are:

• Personal Injury
•
• Construction and Engineering Disputes
• Professional Negligence

The CJC, which wishes to introduce further pre-action protocols, has been concerned not to tamper with those established protocols. As a result of this, the CJC proposes that a 'general pre-action protocol' be introduced. The rules of the 'general pre-action protocol' will be both applicable and obligatory, unless the dispute falls within one of the nine pre-existing pre-action protocols currently in force.

The idea behind pre-action protocols is to encourage potential litigants to make every effort to resolve their dispute prior to actually starting a claim. The new general protocol will require and consideration of (ADR), including arbitration.

In debt claims, the general pre-action protocol will require business claimants with potential claims against an unrepresented individual to provide a series of particular pieces of information. Firstly, they must ensure that details are made available as to how the money owed can be paid. Secondly, details of who the Defendant should contact to discuss the repayment, such as instalments or deferment, must also be made available. In addition to these, information about sources of fee debt advice must be included as well.

This information will not have to be part of the initial pre-action protocol letter, but must be drawn to the individual's attention at some stage. This proposed inclusion follows HM Court Service consultation which identified that many debtors, instead of being encouraged to engage with creditors at an early stage, tend to ignore demands until Court proceedings are issued. The general pre-action protocol requirements are aimed at encouraging engagement. Early engagement in such matters often leads to a far more straightforward resolution, with a quicker conclusion of the issue reached for both parties as a result.

It is therefore intended to roll out pre-action protocols across the board, by expanding the requirements for parties to attempt to resolve matters without the Court's assistance. The message for all potential litigants, therefore, will be to engage with each other at an early stage, as opposed potentially to letting matters worsen, making productive engagement between the parties more difficult later. To encourage this process, of the principle in the current pre-action protocol rules that "it is expressly recognised that no party can or should be forced to mediate or enter into any form of ADR" will not feature under in the proposed general pre-action protocol.

Finally, it should be noted that the current sanctions for non-compliance with pre-action protocols are likely to be adopted into the general pre-action protocol rules.

This article is free to republish provided the authors resource box below remains intact.Mark Bishop is a Fellow of The Institute of Legal Executives and is a key member of London Law Firm Healys Solicitors, also aiding the Brighton Solicitor office.]]> Kazaa For Mac Operating Systems - Kazaa Macintosh http://www.artwoo.com/article/kazaa-for-mac-operating-systems-kazaa-macintosh http://www.artwoo.com/article/kazaa-for-mac-operating-systems-kazaa-macintosh#comments Thu, 18 Sep 2008 16:43:20 +0000 kazaa for macshadow clientfile sharing programsapple usersmlmactoggle buttonsip ranges http://www.artwoo.com/article/kazaa-for-mac-operating-systems-kazaa-macintosh file sharing programs have catered to all the needs of the file sharing community, allowing users of Limewire, BearShare, eDonkey, and Kazaa to gain access to thousands of media files available for download without having to pay for anything. But because of the clients' PC-only nature, will applications be available for such as ?

Sharman Networks' P2P file sharing client called Kazaa has always been a Windows program since its creation in 2002. FastTrack, the Kazaa network, is the most popular P2P network being used by millions who share and swap files using the client and has remained a PC-only network ever since due to the encryption of the protocol by the owners in order to retain control of the network. Now certain Mac-oriented applications have gained access to the FastTrack network, allowing users to be able to use Kazaa for Mac.

Some applications that allow Kazaa for Mac are , which is the GUI for mldonkey made for non-expert users, Poisoned and Neo. mlMac has several features such as reliable daemon connection, a new setup assistant, added for searches and uploads, filter, filenames, updated GUI protocol, and much more. Poisoned uses the giFT daemon which is capable of expediting communication between the end user and the specific filesharing protocols, namely gnutella (used by Limewire clients) and FastTrack (used by Kazaa clients). The benefits of Poisoned are that it is a native Mac OSX application and does not use adware or spyware at all. Advantages from using these applications include a lot of users and files to share and download from, making Kazaa for Mac possible than ever before.

Neo is another option to be able to use Kazaa for Mac users. Neo is a , meaning it is not a real Kazaa client, which scans through looking for hosts, indexes, and stores them locally in the hard drive of your computer. Neo uses compelling methods in order to detect and locate Kazaa hosts. Neo will scan the given user-defined IP address range and will look for computers that respond on Kazaa's port. These IP ranges are usually large and can take a lot of time to scan. When a Kazaa host is found, Neo gets a list of all the shared files, writes the information to the disk, and becomes the content that Neo searches through. Some advantages of using shadow clients like Neo are customizable scan/search range, anonymity for those accessing the Kazaa network, and possibly results in better speeds.

Though most (if not all) of these applications were created by a third party, these allow Mac users to finally gain access to the FastTrack network and are able to download and share files with other Kazaa users. These clients have their own advantages and disadvantages which might affect the performance and the file sharing security of the user, so choose wisely and know what you are getting into if you will consider using any of these applications. For the most recent version visit FreeKazaaLite.net for more info.Download any digital file including music, movies, images, software with millions of others! Discover the freedom and download Kazaa For Mac Now from http://freekazaalite.net/]]> What is VoIP - A Guide to Understanding the Basics http://www.artwoo.com/article/what-is-voip-a-guide-to-understanding-the-basics http://www.artwoo.com/article/what-is-voip-a-guide-to-understanding-the-basics#comments Sun, 02 Nov 2008 01:01:30 +0000 speed internet connectionhigh speed internet connectioninternet cafescable modemslocal area networkhigh speed internetphone details http://www.artwoo.com/article/what-is-voip-a-guide-to-understanding-the-basics internet cafes and other such hotspots. Simply put, VoIP allows people to talk over the internet just as one would over the phone.

In order to take advantage of VoIP the user will need a broadband high . as well as services like DSL or even a will fit this requirement. The other thing needed is either a computer, a specialized phone or an adapter for a traditional phone. Either the computer or the VoIP phone would work better as some VoIP services will not recognize the adapter and will not function as a result. If the computer is the preferred method then specific software will need to be installed and a microphone will need to be connected. Other than the fact that the VoIP phone will attach directly to the broadband connection, it works like a normal phone.

Calling other VoIP users will normally be free of charge; however connecting to traditional phone lines will likely cost the user money based similar factors as a normal phone. Details of payment will of course depend on the VoIP provider. Some will allow the user to call anywhere for a flat rate while others will operate more like a current phone service. Who a user can call varies depending on the provider as well. Some will allow users to call any number whether it is VoIP or not. Others will be limited to only those who are using VoIP. In order to call a traditional phone, there is no need for any specialized equipment; the user simply dials the number as he normally would, making it the same as a normal call.

One of the main advantages to VoIP is that the user no longer needs a separate phone line and a broadband connection. Both the phone and internet now works off of the same line and so the user saves money and effort with the upkeep of two different lines. In today's world where cell phones have nearly make land lines obsolete, this is a huge advantage. Beyond this VoIP has available features that a traditional phone will not. These are of course specific to the provider of the service and what they are willing to offer.

While VoIP is not without its drawbacks, it is possibly the future of voice communication. As computers are becoming more and more accessible, the need for a separate device to handle voice conversations is becoming less and less. Given a decade or two the kinks inherent in VoIP will likely be worked out and it could replace land lines altogether.Visit us for more info on Cheap VoIP and Cheapest VoIP.]]> Performance Tuning Is A Process--Not A Tool http://www.artwoo.com/article/performance-tuning-is-a-process-not-a-tool http://www.artwoo.com/article/performance-tuning-is-a-process-not-a-tool#comments Sat, 29 Dec 2007 17:15:01 +0000 application response timeautomated testing toolssubject matter expertchicken coopapplication testsautomated toolsdefault configurations http://www.artwoo.com/article/performance-tuning-is-a-process-not-a-tool automated testing tools and a general lack of the big picture. Plans are made without understanding how IT all works together. Yet more hit the market every day.

The Web is alive with ads for software that will do the following:

Analyze your from the perspective of the User experience.

End to End transparent application monitoring.

Create "Load" that exactly simulates user experience.

Automate application performance analysis and troubleshooting.

Based on these products and their claims, you would think that the goal of IT Management is to automate all aspects of Network and Application Performance Troubleshooting. Nevertheless, here is an important question: Is that not a little like asking a chicken to guard the ? Who is monitoring the monitor tool? Is it not just another application? This goes around in circles.

Humans use tools, highly skilled and experienced humans. To rely so heavily on automation to monitor other automation is to hope one potential failure catches another potential failure. Furthermore, our experience has shown that companies all too often utilize under-skilled staff for these roles, hoping that the tool will know what to do with itself or simple will apply. Catch 22? Well, yes.

You cannot take the need for skill, training and experience out of the equation; even if you believe automated tools can do the job. Yet experience has shown that not only do many automated tools not perform exactly as anticipated, the skill level of the human being configuring these tools and tests is critical to the success of the test.

Here are a few typical problems:

It is the business user, possibly backed up by the application (SME) that designs most automated . Between them there is little expertise regarding the network components, Operating Systems and TCP aspects of the way the application works on a network--or across a WAN. Frequently they create problems that are not reality based, resulting in testing artificial problems due to incomplete testing designs--and missing the true "gotchas."

Network and Application testing crosses many corporate departments and boundaries. This wears people down and makes them ready to accept any result that will at least get the testing completed. The results are not surprising from this perspective.

The incident of "successful" application performance in testing is not equal to the incidence of successful application performance in real-life.

Network and application performance problems continue on--month after month, year after year. Users stop sending in tickets but still complain to their manager. This results in a schism between perceived problems and reported problems.

The Solution:

There is really only one consistently successful approach to troubleshooting under-performing networks and applications, the Network and Application Performance Analysis Team. This approach has a near 100% success rate at providing resolution. It involves utilizing a highly skilled "SWAT" team of individuals that look at all the component factors. These factors include the following:

Servers Directory Services Operating Systems TCP issues Other Protocol Issues Workstation builds LAN Issues WAN Issues User Skills and Training Database Optimization Interaction with other Applications Server Consolidation / Virtualization Issues

The team works with a client's Subject Matter Experts for the application and database involved. Frequently, a Network and Application Performance Analysis Team member is the first to understand the application from the bottom up to the top.

People working with other humans--interviewing users, network staff, application staff and others--utilizing protocol analyzers such as Sniffer, Ethereal, WireShark and others, will find the problem consistently. Resolution is always the Primary Goal. http://www.interpathtech.com Barry Koplowitz founded Interpath Technologies Corporation in 1999. He has been consulting in the IT field since 1984 and has specialized in the area of Network and Application Analysis/Troubleshooting--with various Protocol Analysis Tools--for the last 11 years. ]]> Understanding The World Wide Web http://www.artwoo.com/article/understanding-the-world-wide-web http://www.artwoo.com/article/understanding-the-world-wide-web#comments Tue, 01 Aug 2006 02:27:05 +0000 ip addressmozilla firefoxinternet protocol addresshypertext transfer protocolhypertext markup languageinternet exploreremail http://www.artwoo.com/article/understanding-the-world-wide-web email or pages of information, or even online chat. The Web is a read-write information space. It has resources like text documents, images and multimedia.

It is interesting to see how the web works. Anyone accessing the web will use a web browser like the or and the hypertext link to the page or resource is typed in. The address would read like this 'http://www.example.com/mypage.html'. This address is given by the global, distributed Internet database known as the Domain Name System or DNS. To make this sound easier, in the above example, the address of the server is `http://www.example.com` and there, a request to view "mypage" is being made. HTTP or helps in accessing the server. The DNS then turns all this into an individualized IP or . This will look like a phone number with four numbers between 0 and 255. The IP is a procedure set up by the Internet to find a server anywhere in the world. In fact once the is known, the server can be located through the ISP or Internet Service Provider.

Once the IP address is reached, the web site and all its content becomes available to the user. Almost immediately the html or code is sent back and the text and graphics are available to the browser. This happens fairly quickly, taking just a few seconds, helping us make the most optimum use of the web.

If things do not go as planned, the viewer will get an error message stating 'the page cannot be displayed'. This could mean that there is an error in the server name or the page being searched for does not exist. Sometimes the server could be busy or the page being searched has moved. It is best to follow the instructions given and continue.

All this sounds very simple, but today there is high degree of sophistication in the programming and solutions offered by a web page. The credit for designing the concept of the web goes to Tim Berners-Lee, when he built the "ENQUIRE". On August 6, 1991, he posted a short summary of the World Wide Web project on the alt.hypertext newsgroup, using the concept of HTML. This was the debut of the Web as a service on the Internet. He applied the idea of links to the Internet. This meant that the web became an accumulation of pages that could be accessed by clicking on links. Today we have benefited so much from this new communication system which makes the world so much smaller than before and has linked its many peoples as no other means could have ever done. Discover more articles and resources about technology by visiting http://www.technology-secrets.com ]]> How To Build A Simple Open-Source Distributed Protocol Analyzer http://www.artwoo.com/article/how-to-build-a-simple-open-source-distributed-protocol-analyzer http://www.artwoo.com/article/how-to-build-a-simple-open-source-distributed-protocol-analyzer#comments Sun, 30 Dec 2007 18:34:59 +0000 remote control softwareprotocol analyzernetwork transactionos requirements1gb memorysource vendorconfiguration issues http://www.artwoo.com/article/how-to-build-a-simple-open-source-distributed-protocol-analyzer Source vendor,( i.e. Ethereal =AE/ WireShark =AE), this process is time honored and as such, is considered to be "Best Practice."

This design is meant to assure that the NIC that is listening to the Monitor is not sending any packets itself. The Monitor Card should have no protocols bound to itself and listens in promiscuous mode. Additionally, the PC should be as passive as possible and not phoning home to vendors because of unnecessary software it has loaded.

One process is to take a company's standard laptop and customize it by removing anything that is not needed to support the role of a . Any software that is not part of the laptops should be un-installed. Once the laptop has been stripped down this way, load the Open Source Protocol Analyzer of your choice and test it.

Once testing is satisfactorily completed, save an Image of the laptop to be used to generate other Open Source Laptop Protocol Analyzers.

System Requirements:

Pentium 4 or higher.

or higher.

2 NICs. One of which is 100Mbs (not Gigabit) to be used as the Monitor Card. (NOTE: This process is not appropriate for Gigabit Monitoring.)

(i.e. VNC) that supports File Transfers from the laptop acting as a Protocol Analyzer to the PC used by the Analyst.

Two NICs:

1st NIC =96 Monitor Card =96 No IP bound to the card. This card just listens in promiscuous mode. It is the one that is attached to the Monitor Port in the Switch. This should be a 100 Mbs NIC.

2nd NIC =96 Transport Card =96 IP is bound (static) so that this card can be used on the Intranet to access the remote control function of the PC. This can be Gigabit if that is all that is available.

Other :

No Management Software (SMS, Radia, etc.) enabled. No management of this device other than remote control.

Virus Protection (only if it is considered mandatory by company policy). However, this laptop should have no email client or any other software that will want to connect to the Internet (with the possible exception of Time Services). A Firewall rule can always be created to enforce its isolation from the public Internet except on approved sockets.

A Time Server should be in place to keep the various Protocol Analysis Laptops in sync. This can be an Internet source if Company Policy permits or a local Intranet source.

The laptop should not be a member of the Company Domain. One logs into the PC itself, locally or via remote control. All Mirrors in switches are to be bi-directional.

Consider creating a shared folder to act as a Trace File depository. This is not required, but can be helpful as these files can easily grow too large for many corporate email policy size limits.

Use WinZip on the Laptop to allow compression of the large trace files to speed up transfer. Barry Koplowitz founded Interpath Technologies Corporation in 1999. He has been consulting in the IT field since 1984 and has specialized in the area of Network and Application Analysis/Troubleshooting--with various Protocol Analysis Tools--for the last 11 years. He spent 3 years with Network General and NAI traveling around the United States teaching for Sniffer University =AE. Since leaving Sniffer University, he has worked consulting to large enterprise environments up to 120,000 nodes. http://www.interepathtech.com 1-215-822-3244 ]]> An Introduction to the LDAP http://www.artwoo.com/article/an-introduction-to-the-ldap http://www.artwoo.com/article/an-introduction-to-the-ldap#comments Fri, 07 Nov 2008 11:15:28 +0000 transport layer securitylight directoryldap treedirectory access protocolnetwork elementscase of computerinitial query http://www.artwoo.com/article/an-introduction-to-the-ldap Light Directory Access Protocol) is the application that most TCIP/IP administrators now use, owing to its flexibility and wide support range.

An Overview of the Structure

Regardless of the data, the LDAP always presents the information in a hierarchical way. In most cases, the elements of an LDAP directory are called trees, or just a tree. Its contents are referred to as entries, and each one has its own unique properties or values.

Every entry in an LDAP tree has a Distinguished Name (DN). This is made up of the RDN (Relative Distinguished Name) and the DN of the higher level entry. To make it easier to comprehend, one could visualize the DN as the name of a file and the RDN a filename in a folder.

At the top level of the hierarchy is a DNS name. Going into the lower levels there will be the various objects, which, in the and personnel can represent , computers, end users, or various types of hardware.

How the LDAP Operates

The basic process involves the interaction of an LDAP server and LDAP client. It commences when the client issues a Message ID, to which the server responds with an identical message. The result would include in part a numeric code that indicates whether the query was successful, a failure etc. It should be noted that an LDAP server may return the client with other messages or information requested before the delivery of the response to the .

Some Typical LDAP Functions

StartTLS: the purpose of this function is to set up a secure environment via the . It allows for the complete protection of data during transmission. This procedure, in fact, was the precursor to SSL, now used by several online sites.

Bind: this is also known as authenticate, and is used to verify the identity of the client. This can be straightforward (in the Simple Bind the user's password and Designated Name are sent to the server). The Anonymous Bind on the other hand, works by setting to anonymous the connection. SASL (Simple Authentication and Security Layer) Bind allows for additional checks and verification processes.

Search and Compare: as the name connotes, this LDAP operation is for conducting searches. It has several parameters, and among them are: baseObject, which uses the DN to conduct the search; scope, how wide ranging it will be; filter, similar to the ones used in some spreadsheet and database programs; others are attribute, typesOnly, and sizeLimit and timeLimit.

Abandon: this allows the client to ask the server to abort performance of the requested task.

LDAP Variations

The growing popularity of the LDAP has led to other variants, and additions to its capabilities. Some software now gives it the power to sort through SQL files, and the Unix OS can now put files in LDAP and access it through NSS and PAM.Peter Garant is writing articles about the LDAP tree structure for a site about LDAP.]]> Low Down on Rankbrasil Kasaa: What is it Really? http://www.artwoo.com/article/low-down-on-rankbrasil-kasaa-what-is-it-really http://www.artwoo.com/article/low-down-on-rankbrasil-kasaa-what-is-it-really#comments Wed, 15 Oct 2008 13:08:25 +0000 microsoft windows oskazaa media desktopfree software packagelimewire prognutella networkp2p applicationp2p client http://www.artwoo.com/article/low-down-on-rankbrasil-kasaa-what-is-it-really
One of the best indications that this application is not a rip-off like so many of its namesakes, is that Rankbrasil Kazaa does not use FastTrack protocol, or does it gives its users the ability to share the same protocol service. In other words, Rankbrasil Kazaa users can only "share" music downloads with other Rankbrasil Kazaa users or other LimeWire users. This is a contradiction to all other Kazaa-named sharing applications that allows its different users to share files with one another, despite having different (legit or otherwise) versions of the .

What is LimeWire in the first place?

As state earlier, LimeWire is a as well, but this time, it uses the as a file sharing avenue. LimeWire also has a and a pre-paid package. The former can be downloaded free of charge, while the latter asks for a fee that redirects the user to another file sharing application called the .

Unlike Kazaa though, LimeWire can run in most OS or operating systems including Linux-based systems, Mac OS X, and all forms of .

Why pattern this application with LimeWire and not with Kazaa?

Perhaps one of the best offered reasons for Rankbrasil Kazaa to pattern its software with LimeWire and not Kazaa is that the latter is already embroiled with so many controversies that Internet enthusiasts are simply finding alternative applications to use. Sharman Network has had its shackles raised on so many occasions already that the company had filed multiple actions against all other Kazaa named P2P applications and its distributors. So far, Sharman Network's largest target has been Google itself. According to the software developer, the search engine company refused to put down other Kazaa namesakes that may be distributing unlicensed copies of the original Kazaa file sharing application.

With Sharman Network's series of actions, the websites of Kazaa Lite, Kazaaa Lite K++ and Kazaa Gold had been removed off Google's search engine results page for only a short period of time. However, software developers could very easily circumvent this problem by simply renaming the pre-packaged application into something else, like the new Kazaa Lite Resurrection.

Perhaps the developers of Rankbrasil Kazaa simply decided to do the prudent thing. They steered clear of all this altercations and chose to pattern itself with the more inconspicuous LimeWire.

Then why name it Kazaa, if it is not anyway associated with Kazaa?

Kazaa has almost become a universal language that means music peer-to-peer file sharing application. If you ask an avid World Wide Web user if he or she knows Kazaa, the answer would probably be yes. LimeWire has yet to achieve the same marketing status, although it is one of the most downloaded applications in CNET. So, in this regard, the use of Kazaa is more for marketing reasons that the software's actual functions.

But if you're just interested in getting the latest version of Kazaa then visit http://FreeKazaaLite.net/Download any digital file including music, movies, images, software with millions of others! Discover the freedom and Download Rankbrasil Kazaa Now by visiting http://freekazaalite.net/]]>