t3 circuits http://www.artwoo.com Returned search results for t3 circuits Copyright 2008 Sat, 22 Nov 2008 03:45:20 +0000 http://www.artwoo.com/rss/t3+circuits How Can Digital Beat Analog? http://www.artwoo.com/article/how-can-digital-beat-analog http://www.artwoo.com/article/how-can-digital-beat-analog#comments Wed, 27 Feb 2008 08:35:00 +0000 digital electronic circuitsanalog transmissionzeros and onesanalog electronicsone zerodigital transmissiondigital electronics http://www.artwoo.com/article/how-can-digital-beat-analog digital electronics had been around for a long time, it still retained some novelty.

As budding engineers we were in a dilemma: Why was digital electronics considered so cool and why was considered seriously yesterday?

Of course there was no doubt in our mind that digital was the way to go, but the question still remained: Why?

Was it not true that in , you could transmit any value, while in , it was typically about binary transmission. And binary transmission means a bunch of . What could be the fun in that?

For instance in analog transmission, if I wanted to transmit the number 254, I would simply send it as 3 digits, a two and a five and a four. But in digital, specifically binary transmission, it would have to be 8 digits, i.e. 11111110, i.e., a series of seven ones and then followed by .

I have been talking about binary transmission when talking about digital, because they are not the same thing. Binary transmission is just one type of digital transmission. There can be many others. For instance there can be trinary, which would transmit zeroes, ones, and twos. You get the idea.

But binary has turned out to be the most popular. This is because, in creating electronic circuits, you can very easily create switching circuits that will have a high voltage, i.e., a one and a low voltage, i.e., a zero.

This makes the efficient and low priced.

So, back to the original question. Why is analog not as good as digital? Are we missing something? Did out engineering teachers miss out on teaching us about some important part of the deal here? For instance, could it be about economics and not about electronics at all?

With our brain muddled with such thoughts, questions, and queries, we approached various teachers and gurus. Though they all knew that digital was obsolete, there were few who could give us more than standard party-lines. Of course there were the old-timers who stood staunchly behind the power electronics based on the analog paradigm.

It was the belief of these old-timers that the real electronics was the power electronics with vacuum tubes and a whole lot of heat. They told me of huge factories and industrial units that ran on these power electronics.

They pooh-poohed the latest fads revolving around digital electronics as a fad that was not worth more than making doorbells or kids projects. Probably that is all that they were exposed to in the name of digital electronics.

Now that two decades have passed, we have answered many of our early questions, but we have also created new and tougher questions.

That a hell of a lot of intelligence can be passed on using digital electronics is now easily accepted. That we do not need to have circuits with wires, but that we can actually draw circuits on boards, called Printed Circuit Boards, is also easily acceptable. Thankfully engineers today don't have to ask the same questions that we had to ask. Are you interested in locating Obsolete Electronic Parts at http://www.usbid.com/ Why not visit our Integrated Circuits Catalog at http://ics.usbid.com/ If you are into electronics, you will want to see our List of Electronic Components at http://www.usbid.com/p1.cfm ]]> Understanding T1 Circuits http://www.artwoo.com/article/understanding-t1-circuits http://www.artwoo.com/article/understanding-t1-circuits#comments Wed, 20 Feb 2008 08:20:02 +0000 t1 circuitscopper wirescompany operatortelephone roomdigital connectionsincoming and outgoing callsprivate lines http://www.artwoo.com/article/understanding-t1-circuits T1 circuits are also high-speed , which can be used for voice or data. The T1 transmits data at a speed of 1.544 Mbps, which is faster than most modems.

T1s are engineered circuits that are used for businesses. The T1 consists of 24 channels, which can be allotted to voice, data or both. The T1 transmission occurs over two-pair fiber wiring however it is sometimes brought to the building on regular .

The circuit is specifically engineered based on the distance from the central office where it originates to the final location where it will terminate. The circuit must transmit at specific speeds and repeaters are sometimes needed to help boost the signal.

T1 circuits are brought into the business and terminated onto a jack in the telephone or data room. The jack, called a smart jack, can then be used to plug a cable to extend the circuit into the appropriate equipment. This takes up considerably less space in the than standard telephone lines.

Voice T1s can be used for both . The 24 circuits are fluid and are available to any telephone users when they become available. This allows the best usage of the lines. Sharing the lines in this manner lets you have many fewer lines than before. For example, an office of 50 to 100 people with average telephone needs can easily be serviced with one T1.

Voice T1s can also be used with DID (direct inward dial) numbers. DIDs are like . Each telephone user can be assigned a DID number from a bank of numbers that you order through the phone company. The DID numbers run over the T1 and can each be assigned to a specific telephone. The DIDs are able tot be dialed directly from the outside with no intervention from the for re-direction.

For larger companies that need more lines or those that need additional bandwidth there are bigger configurations available. The T3, also known as a DS3, is a digital communications link that supports data at a rate of 43.232 Mbps. It is equal to 28 T1 circuits. This high-speed connection can run any application you may need. If you have a large company or campus environment the T3 may be a good option. It is also a good option for those with phone intensive operations such as a call center.

The T1 can't be beat for clarity, reliability and cost efficiency. It is a highly reliable connection. The T1 is always being monitored at the central office and if any problems are detected they can often be corrected remotely. The T1 offers a clear, crisp sound as well. The T1 is also quite cost efficient.

While there are typically installation charges these are often made up in the first year, or sooner. Users find monthly charges are often much less than what they were paying before. The additional features and benefits add to the value of the T1. The best thing to do is talk to an telecom agent to see if going the way of a T1 is best for your company. Article written by Van Theodorou, he will help you slash your telecom expenses over 43%. For a free analysis or phone consultation go his site for http://www.worldnet-long-distance.com/Business-Long-Distance.html ]]> Discover The Benefits Of The OC48 Circuits http://www.artwoo.com/article/discover-the-benefits-of-the-oc48-circuits http://www.artwoo.com/article/discover-the-benefits-of-the-oc48-circuits#comments Wed, 05 Mar 2008 17:15:00 +0000 t1 circuitsnetwork backbonecampus environmentsoc48optical carrierhigh speed digitalgigabits http://www.artwoo.com/article/discover-the-benefits-of-the-oc48-circuits OC48 is a high-speed digital network connection that is capable of transmitting at a speed of about 2.5 per second. This type of dedicated line is designed for large companies and universities with a large campus environment. The super speed allows for transmission of large databases over a busy network.

The OC48 is equal to 4 OC12s. To get an idea of the size this equates to approximately 1600 . The OC48 is engineered specifically for your location and can be used for voice or data. It can also be divided and used for both. The large bandwidth of the OC48 provides fast service for your .

Because of the large amount of lines and capabilities of the OC48 the pricing is based on the specific configuration. The OC48 allows for full Internet access to all streaming data and can handle many Internet connections at a time.

The OC48 is made for large and super-large applications and those requiring the maximum amount of bandwidth. This may include such as hospitals and universities. An OC48 can be used as the backbone in large installations.

OC stands for . The OC48 is a group of fiber optic circuits. This allows the OC48 to support such high speeds. The OC48 is suitable for a large enterprise or ISP backbone. Fiber provides a stable and reliable method of delivery for these circuits both for voice and data applications.

OC48 bandwidth is the big story here. With speeds of up to 2.488 Mbps the OC48 is a logical choice when large applications are used. These can include streaming video, multiple large text files and graphics. The bandwidth supports any current application available today as well as future applications. For the business serious about its communication system, the OC48 is the best method for the price.

The costs for initial installation and setup are quite steep, usually over $100K, the fees are comparable with those of standard lines. The cost savings benefits potential is great, however, with most savings being recognized within about a year of start-up.

Space considerations are also an important part of the decision to use an OC48. The OC48 consists of a number of termination points, however, it uses substantially less space than the same amount of regular copper trunks would take up. This allows you to have the right amount of lines in the smallest space possible.

OC48 circuits are extremely reliable. These circuits are constantly being monitored from the central office. If any problems arise with a circuit the problem can often be easily resolved remotely. The large amount of lines with the OC48 means that you can bypass any lines that are having trouble, making communication seamless to the end user, who likely would not know of the problem.

Circuits are shared with users as they are available so you need not have one per person. In fact, in most voice T1 applications the general rule of thumb is to have one T1 per each 50 to 100 users.

The OC48 eliminates the need for most of your copper circuits. This will bring an immediate cost savings. You will need to keep some copper trunks as a backup in the case of a power outage or system problem. You may also want to consider the use of a UPS system or generator in the event of a power failure.

Many types of service plans are available for the ongoing service issues with your OC48 circuits. Be sure to choose a plan that gives you optimal coverage, particularly during your peak times. If you support an operation that is 24/7, as most large applications do, be sure to get a service plan that supports your 24/7 operation as well. This is like taking out an insurance policy for your communication system. Article written by Van Theodorou, he will help you slash your telecom expenses over 43%. For a free analysis or phone consultation go his site for http://www.worldnet-long-distance.com/Business-Long-Distance.html ]]> Is Your Business Telecom Ready For T3 Long Distance Service? http://www.artwoo.com/article/is-your-business-telecom-ready-for-t3-long-distance-service http://www.artwoo.com/article/is-your-business-telecom-ready-for-t3-long-distance-service#comments Sun, 02 Mar 2008 06:25:01 +0000 business phone numbercopper cablest1 circuitscampus environmentsphone closetvoice mailcustomer service unit http://www.artwoo.com/article/is-your-business-telecom-ready-for-t3-long-distance-service
What is a T3?

A T3 is a broad sized digital circuit with high-speed connectivity. The T3 is capable of transmitting data at a speed of 43.232 Mbps (megabits per second). A T3 is equivalent to 28 T1s. Each T1 has 24 channels so therefore a T3 is equal to about 672 regular telephone lines.

A T3 is designed for large to extra-large applications; such as big businesses and like hospitals and universities.

A T3 is a group of dedicated that are typically run on fiber instead of . T3s are orchestrated specifically for your site and therefore are thoroughly examined before installation. The T3s are brought into your telephone room on smart jacks.

You can then extend the circuits directly into your telephone system or through a CSU (). The CSU is recommended, as it becomes a test point and loopback point, which can be helpful if there is a problem with one of the circuits.

How does a T3 work?

A T3 is able to have about 672 simultaneous voice connections. This can be a combination of both inbound and outbound phone calls. One benefit of the T3 is that you are able to port you main to the T3 so that you can accept an almost limitless number of incoming calls. This works especially well when used with a front-end or auto-attendant product.

A T3 voice can also support DID service (direct inward dial) which allows you to assign each telephone user with a specific unique number that can be dialed directly from the outside. The DID numbers act akin to private lines. The outside callers can dial a user's phone number and ring directly at their desk.

Each T1 circuit uses two pair of wires, which saves an large amount of space in the when compared with the same amount of service using typical copper trunks. The T3 circuit is very reliable. These circuits are constantly monitored at the central office (telephone company).

If there is a failure it can often be resolved remotely. Because the T3 has so many circuits if there is a problem with one of the T1s the voice traffic can be seamlessly routed over the other circuits until the problem is fixed.

Can we save money with a T3?

Your business can save revenue with a T3. Although a T3 is rather pricey it is still going to be less expensive for you in the long run than an equal amount of copper trunks.

To find out your likely savings you will need to know what you spend today for an equal amount of phone lines. Consider the installation costs of the T3, which can be sizable. However, the prices of T1s and T3s have come down instead of up in recent years. In addition to the initial installation one-time fees, you will need to know the monthly charges for usage.

All this considered, you should begin to see a substantial savings during the first year with even more significant savings as time goes on. Not only does the T3 provide high quality reliable voice service it helps to present a professional appearance for your company. The T3 is a serious commitment yet if your needs warrant it this is definitely the way to go. Article written by Van Theodorou, he will help you slash your telecom expenses over 43%. For a free analysis or phone consultation go his site for http://www.worldnet-long-distance.com/Business-Long-Distance.html ]]> The Basics Of Integrated Circuitry http://www.artwoo.com/article/the-basics-of-integrated-circuitry http://www.artwoo.com/article/the-basics-of-integrated-circuitry#comments Wed, 05 Jul 2006 22:27:06 +0000 analog icsanalog chipshigh tech gadgetselectronic circuitsintegrated circuitsvoltage regulatorsdigital chips http://www.artwoo.com/article/the-basics-of-integrated-circuitry Electronic circuits are composed of individual transistors formed with resistors and diodes on a piece of silicon. The individual components are commonly connected using aluminum andquot;wiresandquot; on the chip's surface. This process results in the formation of IC, or . These ICs contain millions or just several transistors. ICs are responsible for the creation of video games, computers, digital watches, and most of today's .

ICs are usually grouped in two: analog/linear and digital/logic. But most sophisticated ICs combine digital and analog functions in forming a chip. As examples, sometimes include an analog/linear voltage regulator, while some include built-in digital counter. Combining integrated circuits is usually done to improve performance or add new features to a product such as giving counters time delays which are usually possible only with timers. These chips come in numerous different packages. In the present, the most popular and usual kinds are varieties of the DIP (Dual In-line Package). Ceramics or plastics are the usual components of standard DIPs with pins ranging from four to 100. Metals are also used for making DIPs but most manufacturers opt to replace these with more cost-effective plastic DIPs.

Despite the popularity of combination ICs and DIPs, there are still demands for separate integrated circuits. ' output and input voltage levels vary greatly in a broad spectrum. But despite these variations, output voltages are still directly proportional to input voltages which form a line graph. This is why analog ICs are termed linear. There are different types of analog ICs but the most popular and common types include and operational amplifiers. Voltage regulators alter voltages applied to inputs into variable voltages. Standard voltage regulators have excess transistors for the chips to manage driving loads that need added power than a standard op-amp is capable of. Most of these voltage regulators have metal tabs or include metal packaging to aid in radiating excessive heat out of the chips. Special linear ICs that include op-amps, like phase-locked loops and audio amplifiers, are made for TV, radio, computers, and telephone communications. Operational amplifiers are often considered as the most useful and versatile. Although their designs are basically intended for doing mathematical operations, they also amplify differences in voltages and signals of the inputs.

Digital integrated circuits are composed of andquot;gatesandquot; regardless of the complexity of designs. These gates function like switches that turn on and off. A digital IC contains several gates and an IC with two input gates is usually referred as a logic gate. Increase in inputs and gates increase the ability of an IC to perform logical operations. As a result, digital ICs are often used in information transfers and exchanges. ICs are just small components of average devices like computers. But these devices rely on the efficiency of these ICs to function. For more valuable information on Integrated Circuits, please visit http://www.bocamicro.com ]]> Integrated Circuits And How They Affect You http://www.artwoo.com/article/integrated-circuits-and-how-they-affect-you http://www.artwoo.com/article/integrated-circuits-and-how-they-affect-you#comments Tue, 25 Dec 2007 08:30:01 +0000 what is an integrated circuitjack kilbyvacuum tubeselectric signalshousehold electronicsbasic circuitrypractical computing http://www.artwoo.com/article/integrated-circuits-and-how-they-affect-you what is an integrated circuit? How does it apply to you? How has their development changed your life? To answer these questions, we must first work to understand them as a whole.

Integrated circuits, or chips, simply perform as a very powerful electric circuit. Their makeup should not be too far from your grasp, as they are constructed from basic electronic parts. The technology that makes your computer able to run everything from Word to Half-Life is just run by connected transistors, diodes, capacitors, and resistors. The transistors act as amplifiers for all of our , while the resistors focus on tuning back the effect.

Capacitors allow electricity to be stored and released in varying amounts for special effects, and the diode works to cut off electricity. Through these simply changes to electric current, we are able to send information throughout the device to make everything just work.

Now that you understand the basics, you should probably at least understand how we went from in the 1950s to the supercomputers of the 21st Century. The 1950s saw a very important change in the field of electronic parts. Transistors were invented to replace the bulky and ineffective that were once necessary for circuits. This let smaller electronics be practical and possible, since you finally didn't need your own power plant to run advancing technologies.

The chips were still held back by old circuitry though. Computers require the to flow quickly between the different parts. Old methods of production meant that the chips were just too large to actually be fast enough for . A new method for building a faster and smaller chip had to be found.

The answer came through the development of the integrated circuit by . He was just a new researcher left alone in the Texas Instruments laboratory while several of his colleagues were on vacation. While alone, he came up with a radical new way to actually craft chips. The different parts could just be made out of one block of a semi-conductive material.

Metal connections would then just connect the different pieces together. Gone were the days of unwieldy and ineffective wires for transmitting information from point A to point B. This technique allowed for smaller integrated circuits to be made later on, which ultimately led to the development of the microprocessor.

In the end, this simple development opened the door for years of refinement that have led us to our current position. One integrated circuit led to another until it ended with the mind shatteringly fast chips of today. Hundreds of millions of basic electronic parts are now able to fit on one chip that is no larger than an average fingernail.

Pretty amazing, especially when you consider that this chip powers your life through its advanced methods of calculation that paved the way for the information age. You will enjoy pictures of ICs: 3M IC Photos at http://www.icphotos.org/mfg-3m-electronic-parts-photo.html AVX IC Photos at http://www.icphotos.org/mfg-avx-electronic-parts-photo.html NEC IC Photos at http://www.icphotos.org/mfg-nec-electronic-parts-photo.html ]]> Uninterruptible Power Supplies - EPO Operations http://www.artwoo.com/article/uninterruptible-power-supplies-epo-operations http://www.artwoo.com/article/uninterruptible-power-supplies-epo-operations#comments Wed, 21 Nov 2007 01:15:03 +0000 uninterruptible power suppliesups systemups systemsemergency powerexternal circuitsfire alarm panelexhausted http://www.artwoo.com/article/uninterruptible-power-supplies-epo-operations Emergency Power Off), this feature on s can cause many problems to the smooth running of the power protection installation.

The primary reason for having this feature is to enable the UPS system to be 'made safe' in the event of an emergency. Operation of the Emergency Power Off will, with most , stop the inverter and rectifier (charger) and disconnect the battery. Due to the economics of size and cost, in a number of cases operation of the EPO circuit may just stop the inverter.

A typical example of a situation when there is a need to remove power to equipment in an emergency situation is in the case of fire. An un-interruptible power supply by its very name means that when the building is isolated it will continue to provide an output until the batteries are . The continued supply of power in these situations can lead to additional fires as cables are damaged by the original cause. The EPO in this situation is often connected to the and will operate on the second and subsequent detection of fire within a defined area.

One of the major problems with Emergency Power Off circuits is that when they are originally installed everyone understands the concept and requirements to reset the circuit and restore the UPS system to normal operation. However as the years pass this knowledge is forgotten and when the UPS system suddenly stops for no reason it can take considerable time to identify the circuit that is causing the problem.

In effect, your un-interruptible power supplies suddenly are no longer uninterruptible once the EPO has been activated.

You must be very careful where the EPO is positioned, to avoid accidental or malicious use. Certainly each EPO needs to be monitored and covered y CCTV at the very least.

When the service engineer is called to site, they are looking for a failure within the UPS system, not normally the and re-establishing power to the load can take longer than expected.

Further problems with EPO circuits can be caused during the original installation of the UPS system where the designer, trying to make the operation of the EPO more secure may also connect the under-voltage trips of circuit breakers supplying the UPS system. This can make the service engineer's task even more daunting as there are normally few circuit diagrams available at the time of the incident and considerable time can be lost in tracing the circuits to restore supply to the load. Typically, in spite of any perceived problems with the UPS system at this time, the circuit to the maintenance bypass is not available either as it has tripped due to the operation of the EPO circuit so power can still not be restored to the load.

To assist with rapid restoration of supply to the load at the time of installation a laminated circuit diagram attached to the UPS system showing the circuit breakers feeding the UPS system, the load and their locations. In addition the operation of the EPO circuit should also be shown. Power Continuity Systems have close ties with many industry leaders. Energy Consultancy and Installations. http://www.powercontinuty.co.uk ]]> Security System -- The Way To Protect Your Home Or Business http://www.artwoo.com/article/security-system-the-way-to-protect-your-home-or-business http://www.artwoo.com/article/security-system-the-way-to-protect-your-home-or-business#comments Sat, 22 Jul 2006 06:27:12 +0000 security alarm systemsystem sensorsmagnetic sensorshttpcrucialcircuitsbuttons http://www.artwoo.com/article/security-system-the-way-to-protect-your-home-or-business security alarm system you will need to call in the experts.

A security system is built around a basic design concept and this concept uses a simple electric circuit. This circuit is built into an entry way and once the circuit is broken the alarm system is triggered. There are two types of that are used and these are closed circuit systems and open circuit systems. Closed circuits are normally seen as the better choice.

are also used for closed circuit systems and when a door is closed the magnet closes the circuit. Other methods use small which are embedded in the door frame and these buttons are pushed in when the door closes. If the door is opened the button is released and this will trigger the alarm.

The control box is the next most important piece of equipment used in security systems and these control boxes are normally located just inside your entrance door. Once your alarm system has been triggered you must enter your security code into the control box to disable the alarm.

The control box is also used to turn your alarm system on when you are leaving your home and is to any security alarm system.

These are the key components to a security alarm system; sensors or circuit breakers and a control box. There are many additional components that can be used and these include motion detectors.

Whatever type of alarm system you decide to have installed in your home or business, it is always advisable to shop around before purchasing anything. Ken Wilson for http://www.securitysystem-resource.com ]]> The Number One Place That Fires Start Is Where You Sleep http://www.artwoo.com/article/the-number-one-place-that-fires-start-is-where-you-sleep http://www.artwoo.com/article/the-number-one-place-that-fires-start-is-where-you-sleep#comments Wed, 13 Feb 2008 05:15:02 +0000 home fireslight candleselectrical circuitsalarm clocksfire preventionplaying with matchesspace heater http://www.artwoo.com/article/the-number-one-place-that-fires-start-is-where-you-sleep electrical circuits, s that are placed too close to flammable items, the poor smoking habits of adults, arson, and children , lighters, or candles. So, how can these fires be prevented so that hundreds of lives can be spared each and every year?

It begins with you. Practicing in all aspects of your life could save the lives of your family members and those dearest to you. How do you begin practicing fire prevention in your home? The bedroom is always a good place to start. Most deaths in occur between the hours of 12:00am and 4:00am during the night=85when people are fast asleep and unaware of their surroundings.

To begin, first take a simple look around your bedroom. Do you often? If so, where are they? Are they placed in protective holders, such as votives, or bowls? Next, are the candles placed near fabric (such as curtains, bedding or clothing), where it could easily catch aflame? Are the candles placed where children can easily play with them or accidentally knock them over? These are questions to begin asking yourself.

Next, examine the wires and electrical circuits in your bedroom. If you have multiple , multiple lamps, and a computer and printer and space heater, it could easily be said that the circuits are all full. It is important to turn off electrical devices when they are not in use; turn off the lights when you leave the room, turn off the computer and printer when you go to bed at night, and turn off the space heater when you are not present. Also, be sure to examine the cords and make certain they are not frayed or compromised in any way.

If you have children, keep an eye on them. Also remember to keep any matches or lighters you have tucked safely away or locked in a cabinet or drawer, if possible. Be aware of "special" hiding places for children: under the bed, in a closet, or under a desk are all popular spaces, not to mention extremely unsafe when playing with fire. Unfortunately, children ignite approximately 35,000 fires in the home annually. Roughly 400 of those children lose their lives each year due to playing with fire. Keep your matches safe, and keep your children safe.

It truly is tragic how many lives are lost each year due to fires in the home. When people practice fire safety, and are aware of the hazards in their home, the risk of fire lowers. It is important to be aware and pay attention to what is going on in your home at all times. Though things can get hectic, make conscious efforts to practice fire safety. It could make the difference between saving lives or losing them. http://www.firstfireextinguishers.com http://www.firstfireextinguishers.com ]]> Circuit Training: The Benefits Are Endless http://www.artwoo.com/article/circuit-training-the-benefits-are-endless http://www.artwoo.com/article/circuit-training-the-benefits-are-endless#comments Thu, 06 Mar 2008 06:15:01 +0000 resistance exercisespush upsaerobic benefitsexercise workexercise circuittone circuitrest periods http://www.artwoo.com/article/circuit-training-the-benefits-are-endless
CIRCUIT TRAINING 101

Circuit Training involves completing several in a continual sequence. For instance, a circuit may be comprised of 8 exercises (push-ups, plank, lunges, etc=85) with each one being performed for any length of time (30 sec, 45 sec, etc=85) or number of repetitions. Between each exercise is a rest period of a certain length. Note that circuits that have lower will be more challenging and provide more aerobic benefit. An example of a typical circuit is 8 exercises each 30 seconds in length with 30 seconds to recover between each. This is only one example of 1000s of possible circuit combinations. There are many factors involved in determining the effectiveness of a given circuit including: number and types of exercises, load, tempo, duration of work bout, duration of rest bout. Basically, the more intense you make the circuit, the more challenging, yet effective, it becomes.



Studies have found that aerobic benefits related to circuit training are mainly determined by the duration of the exercise (work bout) and by the amount and type of rest given between exercises. For instance, a meta-analysis done on circuits showed that a 10- (using weights) using a 30 seconds for both work and recovery, performed 3 times per week over 8-12 weeks improved VO2max (measure of aerobic capacity) by 5%. Compare that to continuous running, cycling or rowing at around 75% of max heart rate for 20-30 minutes, three times a week for 8-12 weeks which boosts V02max by around 20%. Obviously, this 30s work: 30s rest protocol is not optimal for yielding staggering aerobic improvements. However, other studies have shown that by shortening the rest period to 15 seconds or jogging during a 30 second recovery bout improved VO2max by 12% and 18%, respectively.

Further, some research has even shown that Circuit Training can be just as effective at maintaining previous aerobic gains as following a strictly aerobic conditioning regime.

Incorporating more compound movements (several different muscle groups involved) into your circuits will make it more challenging for both your muscles and aerobic system. This is because as you use more muscle mass, more oxygen is required to supply the working muscles. As a result, you begin breather heavier and your heart rate increases to provide the muscles with the oxygen they need. This technique makes circuits much more challenging and effective. As an example, perform lunge walks with a shoulder press, instead of either one separately. Here is an example of a 7.5-minute aerobic based circuit:

1. Lunge Walks with Biceps Curls=96 30 sec 2. Jogging on spot =96 1 min 3. Stability Ball Chest Press =96 30 sec 4. Jogging on spot =96 1 min 5. Plank =96 30 sec 6. Jogging on spot =96 1 min 7. Back Rows =96 30 sec 8. Jogging on spot =96 1 min 9. Squat Presses =96 30 sec 10. Jogging on spot =96 1 min

BODY COMPOSITION CHANGES

Circuit Training has been shown to decrease body fat by 3%. Research also shows that lean body mass is either maintained or increased alongside the decrease in body fat. This is a major benefit for those who want to get in better shape, lose weight, and tone. With traditional aerobic training, a decrease in relative fat mass leads to a decrease in total weight with little change in lean body mass. The resistance work involved in the circuits encourages muscle-mass development, and thus any fat loss is replaced equally by muscle gain. This makes it easier to maintain the lower body fat or reduce body fat even further because the increase in lean body mass pushes up basal metabolic rate and overall calorie expenditure.

It has also been estimated that calorie expenditure during a bout of circuit training is approximately 5 - 6 kcal per minute for women and 8 - 9 kcal per minute for men (this may vary depending on body weight). Thus, if a man were to perform 30 of circuit training he would burn upwards of 180 calories.

OTHER BENEFITS

Because of the duration of each exercise many people claim that strength may be compromised as a result of working at a lower percent of 1RM (maximum weight you can lift once). This is definitely true in most cases and thus, I would not recommend circuit training for those looking to improve strength. However, some studies have shown that circuit training increases muscular strength anywhere from 7% to 32%.1 Achieving such strength gains requires working at a much higher percent of 1RM (>80%) and thus the duration of the work bouts would need to be much lower ( Yuri is the owner of Total Wellness Consulting and creator of the only 12 week body shaping fitness program designed for Ipod/Mp3 players. Please visit http://www.myFitterU.com for more info. ]]> Be A Part Of The Billion Dollar Chip Design Industry http://www.artwoo.com/article/be-a-part-of-the-billion-dollar-chip-design-industry http://www.artwoo.com/article/be-a-part-of-the-billion-dollar-chip-design-industry#comments Fri, 15 Jun 2007 00:14:53 +0000 chipintegrated circuitsnanometer regimeasic applicationasic chipsline width variationsir drop http://www.artwoo.com/article/be-a-part-of-the-billion-dollar-chip-design-industry
The word of designing means building an integrated Chip, by integrating billions of transistors to achieve an application. An Application could be suiting a particular requirement like Microprocessor,Router,cell phone,etc. An Integrated circuit designed for a specific application is called as ASIC(Application Specific ).

Todays is prettly complex packed with larger chunk of transistors targetted to a specific manufacturing process for fabricating the integrated circuits, in a sub , involving lots and lots of challenges, like knowledge of various protocols, architectures, models, formats, standards, knowledge about CMOS logic, Digital Design concepts, taming the EDA tool for the various design requirement's like area, timing, power, thermal, noise, routability, lithography aware, knowledge about Various variabilities like channel length, Vt, , lens abrreations, effects,inter-die, intra die-variations, effects, and various noise-effects like Package noise,EMI noise,power grid noise,cross-talk noise and ability to test and validate and know to model and characterize all these effects upfront in the design-phase,steps to increase yield to increase profitability curve, with short span of time-to market to minimize the risk and maximize the predictability and an modular approach to Success. Now let's dwelve in to the "Art of Chip Designing"

Used lot of Technical Jargons, nothing to worry about we will get in there soon...Be with me promise you to understand the Concepts behind Chip Desiging.

Before Designing a Chip? Need to Brain Storm

1. What market the Chip is targetted for? 2. What are the Protocols involved in the Chip? 3. What is going to be our Processor/Bus Architecutes? 4. what is the power/IR-drop/timing/Area/Yield/ targets and how to budget it in the Chip? 5. What is the process in which the Chip going to be manufactured? 7. what are the various third party IP's/Memory requirements? 8. what is our Design flow and EDA tools and methodology involved? 9. What is the estimated Chip Cost? 10. Above all the bottom line of any business model is money, What will be our Profit model ,estimation of our ROI(Return of investment). Chip design Veteran (http://www.vlsichipdesign.com) ]]> The Best Selling Brain Toys http://www.artwoo.com/article/the-best-selling-brain-toys http://www.artwoo.com/article/the-best-selling-brain-toys#comments Mon, 13 Nov 2006 06:27:07 +0000 snap circuits jrrace gameflickerdr toydeflexiondry erase boardeasel http://www.artwoo.com/article/the-best-selling-brain-toys
1. . This is a winner of the " 100 Best Children's Products Winner" and it consists of 101 useful and exciting electronic gadgets and games. It's easy to use and understand, plus all the parts snap easily into place. It's just perfect for those aspiring engineers. Among the intriguing experiments are Flying Saucer, Music Alarm Combo, Pencil Alarm, Space War , Voice Controlled Lamp, Spin Draw, , Strobe the House Lights and Spinning Rings.

2. Deluxe Standing If it's your child's creativity and imagination that you want to develop then the Deluxe Standing Easel is what you're looking for. It has an adjustable height, offers high-quality construction and is comprised of attractive colors. It also comes with a on one side and a chalkboard on the other. Its accessories include a paper cutter, four large clips to post artwork and two extra large plastic trays that are ideal for storing all your budding artist's essentials.

3. Deflexion is a unique game that offers both high technology and tons of action. The game uses lasers in a classic chess-like strategy setting that is both cool and smart. At the start of the game, each player has 12 Egyptian-themed pieces and a laser that is built into the board. The players take turns in moving their pieces around the board while firing safe and low powered laser diodes. If a player hits his opponent's pieces, they're dead. The object of the game is to bring down the other player's Pharaoh.

4. Snap Circuits 300-in-1 Here's another winner of the "Dr Toy 100 Best Children's Products" award. It offers a diverse collection of colorful materials that kids can easily snap together in the format they wish by simply following easy-to-understand instructions. There are over 300 possible projects, including Music Radio Station, Spacey Fan, The Lie Detector, Spinning Rings, Race Car Engine, Mosquito, Water Detector, Old Style Typewriter, Blow off a Space War and Steamship. Jonathon Hardcastle writes articles for http://http://universeoftoys.com/ - In addition, Jonathon also writes articles for http://worldofartandleisure.com/ and http://letstalkaboutbeauty.com/ ]]> An Insight Into Electrician Training http://www.artwoo.com/article/an-insight-into-electrician-training http://www.artwoo.com/article/an-insight-into-electrician-training#comments Mon, 21 Jan 2008 17:14:59 +0000 electrician courseselectrical installation testingfault currentsbs 7671building surveyorselectrical processesjourney level http://www.artwoo.com/article/an-insight-into-electrician-training journey level electrician and you'd like to take some advanced , you might want to consider some that will train you for inspection, especially as the world of green energy support advances in the United Kingdom and around the world.

One of these UK electrician courses is called and is a short course that can be completed in one day. The course teaches an introductory lesson in the UKs , the basics of federal legislation that must be followed for installation electrical equipment in homes or commercial and industrial facilities.

The course is designed for those who don't have any practical experience in electrical installation or those who need a refresher course to prepare for their testing career. The one day training is a combination of lecture and hands-on laboratory work.

This is one of the electrician courses that test boards embrace. It teaches protective conductor continuity, the continuity of ring circuits, polarity and the resistance of insulation, earth looping impedance, live polarity, RCD operation and the prospective . After the classroom lecture on the subjects, the students will be able to take part in their own practice testing. Students should bring a copy of BS 7671 to class, as well as the IEEE Inspection and Testing manual.

One of the newest of the UK electrician courses is held for two consecutive days, quite often on the weekends. Students who take this electrician courses get a basic understanding of the UKs federal building regulation requirements for . Particular attention is paid to Part P of the federal regulations and how these are to be practically implemented.

This is one of the electrician courses specifically geared for those who don't have a lot of electrical experience. Those who typically attend are offices in building control, and architects.

The topics included in this course are the legal background of the building standards and regulations that are relevant to electrical work. Students also learn the principles of electrical practices, relevant jargon and definition of important electrical terms, the dangers that are inherent in electrical use, and the characteristics of the various electrical building supplies. Isolation, switching, protection of electrical equipment and circuits, bonding and earthing, and the practice of installing of electrical equipment are taught. Students also learn in this, as in other more in-depth electrician courses, the requirements for inspection and testing of electrical equipment in buildings and the process for documenting and reporting the inspections.

Practical hands-on demonstrations of testing and inspection as well as the exercise of conducting an actual inspection are included in this course work. AS one of the electrician courses on inspection, students should leave the class with a good understanding of the various safety issues that relation to the installation of electrical equipment. They should be able to conduct on site electrical inspections and successfully oversee the appropriate reporting of the inspection as well as the testing documentation that is required by the UK federal BS 7671 regulation. James Copper is a writer for http://www.electriciancareer.co.uk ]]> How to Workout For MMA http://www.artwoo.com/article/how-to-workout-for-mma http://www.artwoo.com/article/how-to-workout-for-mma#comments Sun, 02 Nov 2008 01:08:33 +0000 martial arts backgroundweight training workoutsmany different waystypical weighttraining theorydumbbellswasting your time http://www.artwoo.com/article/how-to-workout-for-mma many different ways of training. I dare say that your training should help your . For instance if your style requires you to hold on tight and use slow methodical motions then it is going to be a waste of your time doing a lot of explosive fast exercises.

Here is a list of my types of workouts and why, in other words its my .

My theory lies mostly in the belief that you should train for the fight and train your body to be powerful, explosive, fast and with cardio.

Weights: if you are training in typical (eg: 4 sets of 10 reps) then it is a lot of wasted time. In a fight there are very few times that you are going to need the strength that weight lifting gives you. If you want to use weights then you should do low weight and be fast with high reps. You can even add times on there (eg: use 20lb for 40 seconds as many reps as you can within that time).

Running: if you use running as your soul cardio workout you are . Running is excellent as a part of your work out and/or warm- up but you don't want to rely on it. If you are just starting out it is a good way to get yourself into the workouts and get your cardio up but you don't want to rely on it to get your cardio for your fight.

If you want to run do long runs a couple of days a week and do sprints. Your body needs to be able to explode. I do short and long sprints as well as 2-3 long 30- 60 minute runs in a week when preparing for a fight. I also do a shorter jog (20-30 minutes) on my off days to keep my body moving.

A new thing that I've learned through a buddy is sprints with rubber bands. These are awesome especially if you only have a small space. Rubber band sprints are very very effective.

Olympic lifting: Excellent... a fight is all about quick explosive movements (standing or on the ground) so you should be training your body to react in this way. All of your takedowns, punches, movements, kicks, stand up grappling etc. require this type of movement. Be aware that you don't want to do real heavy weights and make sure the person teaching you has experience or is qualified to show you how to do this. They are high injury exercises if done incorrectly.

Body Weight Exercises: Excellent... the person you are fighting is a body not a weight. It will have similar weights, movement and balances as using your body or someone else's. Train your body to compete against another body not a bar and plates.

Plyometrics: Excellent... This gets you the explosive movement you need. Again, everything you do in a fight involves explosive movement in order for your fight plan to be effective. If you aren't explosive and trained to be explosive it could be a bad day for you in the ring.

Circuits: Awesome, they combine body weight exercises with distance for cardio. It also helps to get you ready for your rounds. Ensure that the rounds of your circuits are no less than the length of each round you are scheduled for in your fight. I find that they also are awesome warm-ups.

Stair runs/jumps: Excellent... they go along with your explosive power work outs.

Training for martial arts or MMA is tough. You should research as many different exercises and ways to train as you can.Variety is the key to a great workout schedule. Just because the exercise that you are doing isn't specific for your fight it may work many different areas of your movements. This is just as important as the fight specific workout. If you have any questions please see FitterFast.com]]> How To Get The Most From Your Bodyweight Exercise Routine http://www.artwoo.com/article/how-to-get-the-most-from-your-bodyweight-exercise-routine http://www.artwoo.com/article/how-to-get-the-most-from-your-bodyweight-exercise-routine#comments Mon, 31 Mar 2008 17:20:05 +0000 bodyweight exercise routinesbodyweight exercisescardio vascular exercisesexercise workoutcardio exerciseswarm upswrist weights http://www.artwoo.com/article/how-to-get-the-most-from-your-bodyweight-exercise-routine Bodyweight exercise routines were developed so that an individual can use their own body and movements to exercise as opposed to expensive gym or weight lifting equipment. Instead of building strength and endurance in just one area of your body it allows you to build it throughout your whole body.

Many of the exercises are familiar ones, or a new "take" on an old bodyweight exercise, but don't be fooled into thinking that it's not effective because it is familiar. Many newer forms and methods of the familiar exercises have been created as well as ideas for increasing the difficulty level of the exercise; things like adding ankle or to your routine or different positioning of legs, arms or hands can change the set of muscles being used.

So you have decided to use as your workout routine? But how can you get the most from this routine?. These five tips, when used consistently, will do just that.

First, be sure to use several as part of your over all bodyweight . By alternating between first cardio and stretches and then bodyweight exercises then returning to you will naturally increase your heart rate, exercise your whole body and stretch the muscles preparing them for bodyweight exercises. One suggestion is to begin with a quick walk prior to your exercise routing, but the most effective method is to alternate between cardio, then bodyweight, returning to cardio and so forth. Exercises to best achieve a higher heart rate as well as to stretch and lengthen muscles are: stepping while rotating your arms, lunges with windmills or punches which alternate sides, marching in place, jumping jacks or jump rope, knee lifts, or front kicks.

To achieve the best possible fat burning results, break your exercise routine into two or three short segments. Try to implement a 10 minute routine while at work as opposed to a visit to the coffee pot. You will definitely return more revitalized.

Another technique as part of your routine workout that will help you achieve more results from your bodyweight exercises is using timed circuits. Timed circuits are "a series of exercises, performed one after the other, with little rest in between, according to the International Sports Science Association. This method is the one used by the British Royal Marine Commandos, many professional gymnastics and trainers.

To perform timed circuits you simply do a bodyweight exercise a certain number of times in a specified period of seconds. For example, thirty pull ups in thirty seconds would be a timed circuit bodyweight exercise, and then you would continue on to the next exercise and do it also a certain number of repetitions in a specified period of time. To achieve the best results of a timed circuit routine you need to the number of repetitions that you complete, without increasing the period of time to complete it.

A third tip for making the most of your bodyweight exercise routine is to keep a training log. Be sure to include the date, time, number of repetitions, time of repetitions and cardio exercise routines, and a start and stop time. This will allow you to do several things: track the exercises; the total workout time also and provide you with the information needed to determine when an increase is appropriate as well as how to vary your routine. Training logs are available online, (however some require you to join to use); you can create one on your spreadsheet program, or you may purchase one in a bookstore or online at Amazon.com such as The Body Minder and Exercise Journal, by Francis Wilkins; or The Ultimate Workout Guide by Suzanne Schlosberg.

The last tip is easy and fun. Vary your routine; don't perform the same familiar exercises over and over again. Many people from beginner to professional are familiar with over 25 standard exercises, many of which include variations on Jumping Jacks, Pull Ups, Sit Ups and Squats. Try some of the more advanced bodyweight exercises such as the Russian Twist, Hindu Pushups, and Burpees. You can also add variety to your bodyweight exercise routine by: changing the weight, leverage or resistance of a specific exercise, recruiting an exercise partner, and renting videos.

Using these tips can make help you achieve the maximum results possible in your bodyweight exercise routine and you don't have to spend hours at the gym slaving away at weight lifting equipment or purchasing expensive equipment for your home. It only takes minutes a day with a consistent bodyweight training program and these tips to increase your metabolism, increase and build muscle. Kevin Gianni is an internationally recognized health advocate, author and film consultant. He has helped thousands take control of their health naturally. To find out more you can get a Free report "The 10 Best Bodyweight Exercises" at http://RenegadeBodyweightExercises.com. ]]> Advanced Consumer Electronics http://www.artwoo.com/article/advanced-consumer-electronics http://www.artwoo.com/article/advanced-consumer-electronics#comments Sun, 23 Mar 2008 15:25:00 +0000 consumer electronics marketconsumer electronics productsstereo capabilitiesproduct surveysproduct improvementsgaming fieldelectronic circuits http://www.artwoo.com/article/advanced-consumer-electronics consumer electronics market because of the advancements made in and software applications. People have the opportunity to link with other uses on the internet with the advanced on the market today. Some game players feel that they have a greater advantage over opponents due to the wireless technologies that are incorporated into these advanced game systems.

One of the features in advanced consumer electronics that people are very interested in, are the various applications that give consumers higher levels of productivity. Consumers purchase electronic devices such as personal digital assistants to conduct work while they are away from the office. The features allow the businessperson to link with the computer at the office and download files through advanced features such as web browsers at speeds that are comparable to those that are found through advanced networks at the office.

New consumer electronics products are being developed daily to provide consumers with more advanced features. are sent to consumers in an effort to maintain a pulse on what the consumer wants and consumer product reviews submitted by internet users will relay back what consumers think of the advanced innovations currently offered in electronics.

Some ideas for will come from consumers who are not technically oriented, but are avid enthusiasts in the computer . These users will provide improvement ideas to sections of a game currently on the market to developers via email and developers who attend planning meetings held throughout the year will carefully consider these ideas for advancement of the same product or the idea will be considered for the development of future game products.

Some advanced features are incorporated into consumer electronics that are used every day in homes by consumers. The advanced electronics designs combine with selection capabilities for music source preference. Consumers can choose to listen to radio stations through the electronics device or a compact disk can be selected as the medium to achieve the same music sounds. Some consumers use advanced electronics capabilities to enjoy surround sounds found normally in a theatre.

The entertainment possibilities are vast with the advanced electronics options offered today. Consumers have the option of viewing televisions with various sized screens, which are equipped with circuits that transmit the images with such clarity that televised events are very realistic. High definition televisions are a hot product today, but when these were first introduced, buyers were skeptical and took a wait and see attitude before buying. Many consumers wanted to see what other advanced consumer electronics were on the horizon before committing to a purchase of a high definition television.

Plasma televisions experienced the same lag in consumer interest but are now lower priced and are increasingly gaining in popularity everyday. These electronic viewing screens mystified consumers last year and are continuing to peak consumers interest because these electronic devices are equipped with the most advanced features on the market today in television viewing markets. James Brown writes about http://www.onlinepromotioncodes.co.uk ]]> Working With Blown Automotive Fuses http://www.artwoo.com/article/working-with-blown-automotive-fuses http://www.artwoo.com/article/working-with-blown-automotive-fuses#comments Thu, 04 Sep 2008 19:01:19 +0000 needle nose pliersautomobile fusesampere ratingstypes of fusesblown fusefuse paneltodays vehicles http://www.artwoo.com/article/working-with-blown-automotive-fuses
come in a type of glass formation. It is cylindrical in shape while the ends are stainless steel and made of glass at the center. Others are made of plastic. It also has links acting as a backup fuse.

Below are some types of automotive fuses:

• Mini (for small-current applications)
• Standard (common circuits)
• And Maxi (for higher-current applications)

These are the three types used in today's vehicles. The fast-acting fuses are the standard and mini because it protects the vehicle circuitry. This would go with the vehicle's lights and radio wires.

Maxi fuses are slow-acting fuses with large current draws found in rear window defoggers, anti-lock brakes and traction controls. Cartridge are used in older vehicles. This is while blade style fuses have become the standard fuse application nowadays.

Thorough Fuse Checking

Every user manual contains a help guide discussing systematic instructions. Using these manuals enables the car owner to locate the fuse since it can be under the dashboard or beneath the side kick panels. It also helps in immediately detecting problems.

A non-functional fuse should be removed from the box using your hands. This should be done especially if you're checking for blown or burnt fuses. A has a separated metal coil that needs to be replaced.

Fuse Replacement

It only takes five minutes and a dollar to replace fuses. After locating the fuse, remove its cover and find the locator sticker. There are many fuse covers that has an extra fuse and pullers on it. If confused, a manual would be of great help. Most of it has diagrams for the corresponding to the fuse lining.

Next, look for the amperage rating of the blown fuse. Most of these would be color coded. Different may damage the equipment again. After this, remove the non-functional fuse with the use of a puller or needle-nose pliers.

The next step is to hold the fuse up where the burnt area is located. The fuse is good when there is a fine wire connecting the two sides. It is bad when one section of the wire is burnt. Auto shops provide an array of different fuses.

Replace fuses with ones that have the specified ampere rating. A smaller fuse, particularly in a size smaller than the former, can be installed until a new replacement has been bought. Usually, carmakers use a resettable fuse type for circuit breakers. These are unlike replaceable circuit protectors. Examples of where these fuses are used include headlights, power windows and seats.

If the fuse blows after replacing another one, circuitry is the problem. Replacing fuses is easy to do on your own but make sure you make an appointment with the dealer or service station so as to have it repaired for more serious problems.

Tips on maintaining fuses

Always refer to the vehicle's manual for fuse capacities in order to prevent malfunctions. New electrical systems on vehicles have more than one fuse panel situated in different locations. Carmakers have a labeled fuse access panel, having "FUSES" for an easier diagnosis. Some of its components also have built-in circuit breakers. However, tripped circuits usually give out more serious problems like the use of more current.

Good maintenance and handling of automotive fuses also require hassle-free auto configuring probabilities. Preventing serious problems is the key to good mechanical and electrical efficiency of a vehicle. Owners can buy auto fuses at retailers, especially at reputable online electrical providers. You need to choose one who has a wide range of inventory selections as well as the best value and return policies.

Automotive fuses are designed to protect circuits from electrical overload. It is the main part of the electronic system, preventing fires and burns. If the wires are burnt, the auto will stop functioning.

Different types have their own capacities. Manufacturers tend to cut it into different lengths for greater accessibility. The fuse box is located under the cabinet or the steering wheel for easy management of malfunctioning cases. Some changes that might take place when problems arise include times when the lights go off and the radio stops working.For more information on Working with Blown Automotive Fuses please visit our website.]]> VPN Explained - The Basics Of VPN Simplified http://www.artwoo.com/article/vpn-explained-the-basics-of-vpn-simplified http://www.artwoo.com/article/vpn-explained-the-basics-of-vpn-simplified#comments Wed, 04 Jul 2007 05:25:01 +0000 share information with othersnetwork vpndictionary definitionstelephone wiresvirtual private networkt3 circuitswired network http://www.artwoo.com/article/vpn-explained-the-basics-of-vpn-simplified virtual private network, it can help to understand what is, and what is not, a VPN .

Using Webster's of the component words, a VPN should have the following attributes:

Virtual - defined as "being such practically or in effect, although not in actual fact or name." Therefore, the first part of the answer to our question "what is a VPN" is that it is something that acts like a hard-, but is actually not.

Private - defined as "of, belonging to, or concerning a particular person or group; not common or general." So, a VPN should be one where the consumer has exclusive use of the network links. (Note, this is different from a Secure Network, which may be a private or public network.)

Network - defined as "a system of computers interconnected by or other means in order to share information." This is the goal of a VPN or any other type of network.

VPN explained in this manner is a network technology which gives the owner the ability to on the network by means of a private, exclusive link that is created by a method other than hard-wires or leased lines; usually via the internet. Before the internet, computers in different offices, cities or even countries could only talk to each other like people could - through telephone wires. As the needs for this type of communication grew, telephone lines became replaced by higher volume wires, like , but the concept was the same. For computer A to talk to computer B, there had to be a physical wire connection. For security reasons, you would want to make sure that only your 2 computers used that line, so you would contract with a vendor to "lease" that circuit. However, this type of network was expensive and difficult to expand, not to mention difficult for the client to have control over.

With the advent of the internet, connections no longer needed to be physical. As long as each computer has access to the internet, information can be shared using local ISP circuits, across the internet, and to the recipient in much the same way that it was when the computers were physically connected. This is why the way VPN works is considered a "virtual" network; the entire connection is not hard-wired.

The aspects of VPN explained in this article so far have not yet discussed an ever present concern in today's world - security. In an old WAN arrangement, the security of data transmission could rely entirely on the provider's guarantees. Today, however, a VPN keeps information private by means of encryption on both the sending and receiving end. There are a variety of encryption protocols, depending on what a company's needs are, who they need to communicate with (and therefore be compatible with), etc. The data is not only encrypted, but it is encapsulated, meaning it is sent in its own private "tunnel" or connection across the internet. No one can see the data, and even if they could, they can't decipher or change it. In this way, information can be sent across the internet without being susceptible to interception or corruption by those who are outside of the VPN.

In order to create a virtual private network, you would need to decide who needs to share information, in what directions, and how often. Next you would need to prepare a listing of the hardware and software systems you are currently using at each location. You might very well need to make changes so that the computers can talk to each other easily. You'll also want to consider just how important it is that your data remains secure, as this will have an impact on what type of protocol you select. Preparing this information will have you educated for the discussions you will need to have with potential vendors. Van Theodorou will help you slash your telecom expenses over 43% and assist or even become your telecom department at no cost to you. For a free analysis or phone consultation go his site at http://www.worldnet-long-distance.com ]]> Smart Fabrics And Wearable Electronics: The Future Of Clothing http://www.artwoo.com/article/smart-fabrics-and-wearable-electronics-the-future-of-clothing http://www.artwoo.com/article/smart-fabrics-and-wearable-electronics-the-future-of-clothing#comments Fri, 28 Mar 2008 12:25:01 +0000 three distinct typessmart fabricssmart clothingelectronic circuitsexciting technologywearable computerstechnological advance http://www.artwoo.com/article/smart-fabrics-and-wearable-electronics-the-future-of-clothing exciting technology that involves building computing, connectivity, and sensing abilities into materials people are comfortable wearing. Some of the latest products in this area are very fashionable, lightweight, and look no different than other clothes. In some cases, the that make up the brains of the and sensors are sewn in. In others, the circuits and other components are literally built from conductive yarn and thread that makes up the clothing. The possibilities are amazing and limitless.

Right now, as devices get smaller and smaller, we often find ourselves with a different electronic device in each pocket. Each shrinks these devices and integrates them with one another. It's only logical that as these portable devices that connect us, give us information, and allow us to be mobile get smaller and more powerful, we can eventually find ways to integrate right into the clothing we wear. Right now, technology has not progressed to that point, but this article will cover currently available forms of , or intelligent clothing.

There are actually of :

- Passive Smart: Where the clothing "reads" or senses the environment or something about the person wearing the clothing. Wearable sensors fall into this category, with examples including built-in GPS, clothing-integrated baby breathing monitors, and clothing that gives feedback about potential changes in weather.

- Active Smart: Where clothing not only senses the environment, but also reacts to it. Examples include: Clothing that changes density depending on the temperature outside, jackets that store solar energy that can be used to charge cell phones and cameras, and even built-in sensors that can guide pinpoint massage to a wearer that is regulated depending on his or her level of stress.

- Active very smart: Where clothing has built in computing and or intelligent sensing capacity. Examples include sleeves that function as keyboards for a small handheld device, clothing that can function like a powerful calculator or PDA, and shirts that can store information through a built-in fabric keyboard and send it via Bluetooth to a computer.

Other classifications of intelligent clothing include "phase change" and "shape memory" materials. Phase change materials literally change aspects such as their density in reaction to the environment, in order to increase comfort or functionality to the wearer. These clothes might become denser when it is cold and more porous when it is hot, for example. Shape memory materials can change from a temporary deformed shape back to an original shape. They can preserve a comfortable and loose fit regardless of changes in heat and moisture levels.

In the future, all of us might be wearing intelligent clothing that senses when we are having medical problems, gives us the ability to charge electronic devices while on the go, and even allows for basic computing. We might not need different clothing for different seasons due to phase change and shape memory technology. There might be means of communication and general connectivity built in to our clothes. This emerging technology is exciting and soon to take over the consumer market. For more information about smart fabric technology, please see http://www.smartfabrics.net. For more information about specific consumer applications of this technology, please see http://www.intelligentclothing.net ]]> Power Probe 3 http://www.artwoo.com/article/power-probe-3 http://www.artwoo.com/article/power-probe-3#comments Sun, 10 Feb 2008 09:25:01 +0000 power probeauto workshoptiny bulbauto engineersprobe designcircuit testerextension lead http://www.artwoo.com/article/power-probe-3 Power Probe 3 is the latest iteration of one of the most popular automotive tools on the market. What started out as a basic , and won fans for its simple to use design and rock solid reliability has become one of the most advanced products of its type that is currently available, and now includes a number of additional features that will make it even more useful than ever before.

While the original Power Probe I, which is still available, was intended to simply offer the ability to check whether circuits were live, and determine what the current flow through the system was, the all new Power Probe 3 takes its functionality to a whole new level, and includes plenty of additional features to make it even more indispensable to a modern .

The most immediately obvious addition to the Power is the presence of an LCD screen on the device. This is where the Power Probe 3 displays voltage. For the first time, rather than simply indicating whether there is electricity present in a circuit, the Power Probe 3 now tells you exactly what the power in the circuit is. This means that you no longer need to use a digital multi meter in conjunction with your Power Probe when assessing the circuit strength in a car while it is being repaired.

Another feature that has been built into the Power Probe 3 is a flashlight. With this high intensity beam of light, which is generated by a right next to the probe, you can see directly into the area that you are testing. This means that you will never have the problem of not getting the right location for the probing, due to darkness or shadows getting in the way and obscuring wires from view.

The Power Probe 3 comes with all the accessories that you will need in order to ensure that you are able to get the job done properly. Reliable and hard working connectors are used on all wires to prevent them popping apart at the wrong moment, and the Power Probe 3 also features a 19 foot long to ensure that it reaches from one end of the vehicle to the other, and allows you to check circuits throughout.

With connectors for both hooking it up to a battery, and plugging into the standard cigarette lighter outlet available in most vehicles, Power Probe 3 is ready to go as soon as you are. The whole kit also comes in a hard wearing blown plastic case to protect it fully whenever it is not in use, and this is added at no extra cost.

Power Probe 3 includes a flashlight, built in voltmeter with a number of functions including the ability to test a bad ground, and measure voltage drop across a circuit. If can also be utilized to test relay switches and all other aspects of circuit continuity and assist the engineer in finding any problems quickly and easily.

As with its predecessors, the Power Probe 3 has been designed to be as simple to use as possible, with a single button operation, and all the functions available as soon as it is turned on. Rather than having to wade through loads of complex menus as you do on some systems, the Power Probe 3 simply works. The whole system is as elegant as can be, and nothing useless has been added. This means that the whole tool fits straight into the palm of your hand, and can be held comfortably during any job when it is needed.

The only problem with the Power Probe 3 comes in the form of the previous models. These devices are so hard wearing and easy to use that they will last for years. Thankfully, the build quality of the new model is exactly the same, and you can therefore rely on it to provide you with years of service, and reliability straight out of the box. Jason has been in the construction equipment and industrial sales business for over 10 years. He owns and operates Red Hill Supply to better serve the automotive and industrial industries. - http://www.redhillsupply.com/Air-Compressors.htm ]]>