optical fibers http://www.artwoo.com Returned search results for optical fibers Copyright 2008 Mon, 01 Dec 2008 16:53:19 +0000 http://www.artwoo.com/rss/optical+fibers How Do Fiber Optic Connectors Work? http://www.artwoo.com/article/how-do-fiber-optic-connectors-work http://www.artwoo.com/article/how-do-fiber-optic-connectors-work#comments Tue, 25 Sep 2007 20:24:59 +0000 fiber optic connectorsoptical fibers workfiber optic connectoroptical fibercore diameterfiber corehuman hair http://www.artwoo.com/article/how-do-fiber-optic-connectors-work s work?

The history of fiber optic telecommunication deserves a book by itself since it took several generations to get the industry today. You can get some good readings here: http://wiki.fiberoptics4sale.com/FiberOpticsHistory

Optical fiber is a long thin cylindrical fiber made from glass or plastic, as tiny as one tenth of a . A standard telecom optical fiber is composed of three cylindrical layers, counted inside out: (diameter 8~10um), cladding (diameter 125um) and buffer coating (diameter 900um).

Fiber core and cladding is made from glass or silica. Fiber Core and cladding layers work together to confine the light inside the core without leaking. Fiber buffer coating is made from acrylic or plastic and provides handling flexibility and physical protection for the fiber.

Optical fibers utilize an optical phenomenon called total internal reflection. When light is injected into the fiber from end face, it is confined inside the core without leaking outside and losing its energy.

Then light is digitally modulated to represent 1 and 0 just like a computer, so information can be carried from one site to another site which may be from San Francisco all the way to New York.

What are s and how do they work?

Now you know how optical fibers work. So what is a fiber optic connector and what's its function in a fiber optic telecommunication network?

Put it simple, a fiber optic connector's function is just like an electric power plug, it connects light from one section of optical fiber to another section of optical fiber.

Since optical fibers are so tiny, fiber optic connectors have to be made with high precision, at the scale of 0.1um which is one hundredth of a human hair.

Fiber optic connectors align two fibers end to end so precisely that light can travel from one fiber into another without bouncing off the interface and loss its signal.

Besides, fiber optic connectors provide cross connect flexibility for the telecommunication network. So a complicated computer network could be made modular and easy to manage.

Just like any other connectors used in electric industry, electronic industry and computer industry, many different kinds of fiber optic connectors were invented along the development of fiber optic communication industry. Some of them once were very popular in the industry and now have served their purposes and are fading away.

The most popular fiber optic connectors used nowadays are SC, ST, LC, FC, MTRJ, SMA and a few of other less popular ones. Sure you will see new connectors invented with the progress of this industry.

Here is another fiber optic connector tutorial which you may be interested in: http://www.fiberoptics4sale.com/Merchant2/fiber-optic-connectors.php Colin Yao is the sales manager at Fiber Optics For Sale Co. http://www.fiberoptics4sale.com and specializes in fiber optic connectors. http://www.fiberoptics4sale.com ]]> Fiber Optics - Bringing Us High Speed Internet http://www.artwoo.com/article/fiber-optics-bringing-us-high-speed-internet http://www.artwoo.com/article/fiber-optics-bringing-us-high-speed-internet#comments Sun, 30 Jul 2006 20:27:04 +0000 fiber opticslight opticsclassical opticsmodern opticsoptical fiberscopper cablesoptical sciences http://www.artwoo.com/article/fiber-optics-bringing-us-high-speed-internet optical sciences are often called optical engineering. and are the two major categories of optics. is one of the main branches of optics that is very popular these days.

The transmittance of data through fiber optics is based on the principle of total internal refraction. The data is transmitted through the medium of light. This may sound weird but you will be surprised to know that more than half of the contemporary technology is based on the concept and functions of fiber optics. Telephone, radio and television are the most common gadgets that excessively employ this technology.

Unlike the , there are no chances of getting electrical shocks in case of . Glass has replaced copper through the course of time. Instead of copper wire, a bundle of glass threads (in a cable form) is used to transmit signals and data in modulated form. It is true that fiber optics has not replaced the traditional copper wires completely because glass threads are very expensive. They cannot be used as domestic cables used to transfer electricity and other signals.

Optical fibers are more resistant towards the external interference. They are lighter and thinner. Therefore, they transmit data in digital form instead of analogue form. Fiber optics has thus resulted in conversion of every electronic medium signal transmittance in digital form.

Apart from telecommunications, fiber optics has been a blessing in the medical and industrial applications as well. In the field of medicine, fiber optics is used in many appliances like endoscope and other high-tech treatments. It is assumed that fiber optics is all set to revolutionize the medical technologies and bring great advancement in this field. The organized and high-tech traffic control systems and automated tollbooths are the highly beneficial application of fiber optics.

The Internet and fiber optics have become inseparable because the optical fibers facilitate high data carrying capacity and high bandwidth. Copyright©2006 Visit http://www.opticsinscope.com for more optics, fiber optics and optical resources. ]]> Optical Front Projection Screens Are Perfect For Business, Home, And Entertainment http://www.artwoo.com/article/optical-front-projection-screens-are-perfect-for-business-home-and-entertainment http://www.artwoo.com/article/optical-front-projection-screens-are-perfect-for-business-home-and-entertainment#comments Sun, 20 Jan 2008 21:34:59 +0000 front projection screensfront projection screenhome cinema experienceunwanted reflectionsshaper imagedim the lightstelevision viewing http://www.artwoo.com/article/optical-front-projection-screens-are-perfect-for-business-home-and-entertainment s are the best visual equipment for any indoor and outdoor meeting, conference, or event. The contrast on the optical front projections screens give the viewer a that is ten time higher that most other front projection screens. Unlike other visual media devices, this equipment can give the viewer the sharp contrast even in daylight. There is no more due to advanced technology fibers and there is no shadow due to the unique curve of those fibers. You don't have to and with the lights still on, your can maintain eye contact with your audience to give your presentation that extra flair.

If you want to us an optical front projection screen at home you will have the ultimate in . The screen is curved so it fits any movie format. Wide screen or normal viewing is presented in great resolution and color. One of the best optical front screens is the Supernova Epic. This remarkable screen has a 2.4:1 format and is offered in a one hundred and thirty two inch screen. Whether you decide on the Supernova Epic or go with another brand of optical front projection screens, you movie and at home will be one of the best experiences you ever had. You will probably not even want to go to the theatre because you have the theatre there with you at home. Pop some popcorn and sit back and relax to the clearest picture you will ever see in your lifetime.

Think about your next Super Bowl party. You will be the envy of the neighborhood if you showed the game on a optical front projection screen. Every detail will be enhanced and it will feel like you are on the sidelines at this great event. Your guests will marvel at the clarity and definition that will bring those magnificent tackles and plays right into your living room. If you want to throw a big party, go out rents a couple of smaller optical front projection screens and let your guests enjoy the games in several rooms. If you go to the kitchen for a snack or if you just want to put up in your game room to thin out the crowd, your guests will love the ability to see every play during the game. Your hosting abilities will be enhanced and your Super Bowl party will go down in the neighborhoods history as being the best.

You can rent or purchase an optical front projection screen online or at a event audio and visual event production facility. You tell them what you want and your needs will be satisfied to make your business meeting, home theatre system, and Super Bowl party that success that you have dreamed of. Even if you own a bar or pub, having an optical front projection screen will bring in customers by the truck load. Your profits will soar and you will have the distinction of having the best sports viewing bar in the area. Tony Scorch is a contributing editor for AV Matters Inc. Av Matters is a audio visual provider in the Orlando Florida area specializing in small to large events. You can find it at http://www.avmatters.com ]]> Dummies' Guide to Fiber Optic Sensors http://www.artwoo.com/article/dummies-guide-to-fiber-optic-sensors http://www.artwoo.com/article/dummies-guide-to-fiber-optic-sensors#comments Thu, 03 Jul 2008 20:43:16 +0000 fiber optic sensorsfiber sensorslight wavelengthcause fiberoptical elementintensity lightoil pipelines http://www.artwoo.com/article/dummies-guide-to-fiber-optic-sensors What are ?

The fundamental characteristic of all fiber optic sensors is that they depend on some optical properties, such as intensity, phase, state of polarization and wavelength, to be modulated by measurands. Measurands could be pressure, temperature, electromagnetic field or displacement.

All fiber optic sensors have an that is sensing these property changes. For most sensors, this element is the optical fiber itself or a non-fiber optical element.

Fiber optic sensors with optical fiber as sensor element are called "intrinsic fiber sensor" and sensors with a non-optical fiber sensing element are called "extrinsic fiber sensor".

1. Intrinsic

In the intrinsic fiber sensor, external measurands such as pressure, vibration, temperature interact with optical fiber element and bending, fiber distortion and a change in the refractive index of the sensing fiber.

Because of the refractive index change, lights that travel through the fiber are affected accordingly. The changes in light properties, such as light intensity, and light phase are then detected. The magnitude of measurands interacting with the fiber can then be determined.

2. Extrinsic Fiber Sensors

Birefringent crystal, intensity mask or thin film absorbers are most often used as sensor elements in extrinsic fiber sensors. Usually they are integrated into the optical path.

When the external force interacts with the sensing element, the light properties are modulated as well. The sensor has light source, optical path and photo detector parts. The magnitude of measurands is detected similar to intrinsic fiber sensors.

The Applications of Fiber Optic Sensors

Wide Area Sensing and Monitoring

Because of optical fiber's immune to electromagnetic field, fiber sensors have a big potential in these areas. They are widely used in temperature sensing in building, leakage monitoring along and so on.

The above mentioned applications are called wide area sensing or monitoring. The name means that the sensing covers a wide area. In this area, fiber sensors are divide into two categories: distributed sensor and quasi-distributed sensor.

1. Distributed Sensor

Distributed sensors sense measurands continuouly over the entire length of the fiber. The most important criteria is that sensor fibers must be very sensitive to measurands.

A typical example of distributed sensors is a temperature sensor utilizing Raman scattering effect in optical fibers. Another example is OTDR (Optical Time Domain Reflectometer) which senses signal reflection in the whole length of an optical path.

2. Quasi-Distributed Sensor

Quasi-distributed sensors use discrete sensor elements that are carefully arranged in the fiber network. This type if sensor needs to be small size, low cost and high reliability.

High Sensitivity Measurements

Another area for fiber sensors is the high sensitivity measurement applications. This type of sensors typically utilize light interference's extremely high sensitivity property.

A number of interferometric fiber sensors have been used for measurement of temperature, pressure, vibration and so on. The fiber optic gyroscope is one typical example of this type of applications.

Harsh Environment Measurement

Some extreme environment has no choice but fiber optic sensors. This kind of applications include high temperature, immersion into chemical reagents, radioactive rays factories and so on. The fiber optic sensor's resistant to this type of harsh environment is extremely important.Colin Yao is an expert on fiber optic communication technologies and products. Learn about fiber optic ST, ST connectors, ST fiber connector on Fiber Optics For Sale Co. web site.]]> How Do Fiber Optic Cleavers Precisely Cut Optical Fibers in a Flash? http://www.artwoo.com/article/how-do-fiber-optic-cleavers-precisely-cut-optical-fibers-in-a-flash http://www.artwoo.com/article/how-do-fiber-optic-cleavers-precisely-cut-optical-fibers-in-a-flash#comments Sat, 20 Sep 2008 01:36:23 +0000 doped fibersoptical fibersfiber fusiondiamond edgefiber tipstensile stresstransition area http://www.artwoo.com/article/how-do-fiber-optic-cleavers-precisely-cut-optical-fibers-in-a-flash
Simply put, optical fiber cleaving is the art of cutting glass at a perfect 90 angle with a mirror like surface. This isn't as easy as it sounds.

Why do we need to cut the fiber at a perfect 90 angle at all? Well, this is required when we want to fuse two optical fibers together. Optical splicing always requires that the have a smooth end face that is perpendicular to the fiber axis. The cleave quality is very important in determining the fusion splicing loss. This is especially true for specialty fibers such as erbium- and dispersion-compensating fibers.

:: How do fiber optic cleavers achieve this?

The basic idea of optical fiber cleaving is first to scratch the fiber with a very hard scribing tool, which induces a sufficiently large surface crack, then the fiber cleaver applies a to the fiber which causes the crack to expand rapidly across the fiber cross section. Some other fiber cleavers apply the tensile stress first and then scratch the fiber with the diamond edge scribing tool.

:: How does the fiber cross section surface look like after fiber cleaving?

After cleaving, the fiber cross section typically consists of three regions: the mirror region, the mist region and the hackle region. The mirror region is first produced while the crack propagates across the fiber. We want the mirror region to be as large as possible. A perfect fiber cleaving will be 100% mirror region which will result in minimum fusion splicing loss.

But in reality, as the crack propagates more, multiple crack fronts are produced close to the end of the cleave and that region is called the hackle region. The hackle region is a rough surface area which will cause bad fusion splicing. We never want hackle region to exist.

Mist region is the between the mirror region and the hackle region.

:: Factors that affect the fiber cleaving quality

There are two major factors which mainly determines a fiber cleaving's quality: the size of the initial crack and the applied tensile stress. In these two factors, the applied tensile stress plays a major part.

Ideally, the tensile stress should be low enough so the crack propagates and mirror region occupies the entire cross section of the fiber. When there are unacceptable amount of hackle region, in almost 100% cases, you should first adjust your fiber cleaver's tensile stress.

But on the other hand, too low tensile stress can cause problems of its own. The main problem is an angled fiber cleave instead of a perpendicular 90% cut. Angled fiber cleave is the other culprit causing bad fusion splicing in addition to cleaves with too much hackle region.

Another problem caused by too low tensile stress is that a large initial crack is required to make a cut. This large initial crack itself may be a reason for bad splicing.

Even the best fiber optic cleavers cannot guarantee a high quality cleave 100% of the time. Two other major problem with fiber cleaving is fiber lip and fiber chip. Fiber lip is a protruding piece of glass at the periphery of a fiber tip. If the lip is longer than a few microns than it exhibits a serious problem for a good fusion splicing. 99% of the time you should re-cleave your fiber once you see a fiber lip on the tip.

Fiber chip is the opposite of a fiber lip. Fiber chip means the a small piece of glass missing from the periphery of the cleaved fiber tip. Even though smaller chips usually do not cause any bad fusion splicing, larger ones can be a serious problem. Larger fiber chip causes surface tension to shear the molten glass at the fiber tip and thus distort the fusion splice geometry.

:: High precision fiber cleaver manufacturers

A vast variety of fiber optic cleavers are commercially available now ranging from high precision cleavers for manufacturing floor and laboratory use to low cost field fiber cleavers for field splicing applications. Major supplies include AFL Fujikura, Fitel, Tyco/AMP, Sumitomo, Corning Cable Systems and more.Colin Yao is an expert on fiber optic communication technologies and products. Learn even more about fiber cleaver, fiber optic cleaving tool and high precision fiber cleaver on Fiber Optics For Sale Co. web site.]]> The Secrets of Choosing Ribbon Fiber http://www.artwoo.com/article/the-secrets-of-choosing-ribbon-fiber http://www.artwoo.com/article/the-secrets-of-choosing-ribbon-fiber#comments Thu, 03 Jul 2008 18:43:17 +0000 fusion splicersribbon cablesribbon fiberglass fibersquality ribbonfiber deploymentoptical fibers http://www.artwoo.com/article/the-secrets-of-choosing-ribbon-fiber
It's not the material cost. It's the labor! The introduction of fiber into the subscriber loop has increased the installation of short cable lengths with large number of splices. The speed at which the cables can be placed, spliced, accessed and reconfigured are becoming extremely important.

So the need for new technologies that promise to reduce the cost are very high. Bell companies are anxious on acquiring these new technologies and products in order to reduce their cost and push the broadband fiber optic network installation.

That is where the high fiber count come to play. These compact, UV epoxy bonded cables are comprised with high precision and can be massed fusion spliced with minimum loss. These products have proven to be an excellent platform for FTTH deployment.

Mass fusion splicing machines from Japanese companies are a integrated part of this process. These are used by the fiber installation technicians to splice up to 24 fibers at a time with very low splice loss.

Design

The most basic requirement for any fiber optic cable design is to protect the inside from harsh environment. But for ribbon fibers, there is the other vital requirement: organize the fibers for optimum space efficiency and ease of mass fusion splicing and handling. And at the same, they must also be able to maintain the optical performance and mechanical reliability.

This means that ribbon fiber cables must pack high count of glass fibers, organize fibers precisely for mass fusion splicing, provide individual fiber identification, can be divided into single fibers or subunits, mechanically reliable and can be easily accessed from the end or midspan.

These requirements must all be met at the same time which makes the manufacturing of high fibers a tough task.

So fiber cable specialists concluded a excellent design. A color coded array of fibers bonded in a line with fiber coating material. Based on this fundamental structure, two designed emerged: edge bonded or encapsulated.

Edge Bonded Design

The edge bonded design basically bonds the fibers together with only materials in between of each fiber. This design is more popular in the United States. This design is 40% smaller than the encapsulated design.

Encapsulate Design

In encapsulate design, bonding materials extend well beyond the gaps between fibers, it actually encapsulates all fibers inside a rectangular looking tube. This design are more used in Japan.

Ribbon Fiber Mass Fusion Splicing

The time savings for ribbon fiber mass fusion splicing are so big that sometimes in the field individual fibers are ribbonlized to make mass fusion splicings.

However, the success of mass ribbon fiber splicing relies critically on the fiber geometry, the ribbon and the mass fusion splicer. High quality and consistent mass fusion splices can only be produced with ribbons that are made from fibers having stringent geometric tolerances.

These high quality fibers and ribbons are already commercially available. And they make the fiber deployment in FTTH projects a joy for the installers.Colin Yao is an expert on fiber optic technologies and products. Learn fiber furcation, fiber optic furcation, furcation tubing on Fiber Optics For Sale Co. web site.]]> The Secret Of Successful Fiber Optic Cable Management http://www.artwoo.com/article/the-secret-of-successful-fiber-optic-cable-management http://www.artwoo.com/article/the-secret-of-successful-fiber-optic-cable-management#comments Mon, 14 Jan 2008 08:25:00 +0000 cable management systemfiber optic patch cordsoptic patch cordsfiber optic cablesfiber optic cableminimum bend radiusservice disruption http://www.artwoo.com/article/the-secret-of-successful-fiber-optic-cable-management fiber optic cable management so critical?

Service providers have deployed more and more for their high bandwidth, low costs, greater reliability and flexibility. But just deploying is not enough; a successful fiber network also requires a solid infrastructure based on a professional fiber optic .

Fiber optic cable management affects a network's reliability, performance, cost and maintenance. It provides the ability to reconfigure network, restore service and implement new services quickly.

Four goals to achieve with professional fiber optic cable management

1. Protect fiber optic cable from microbends and macrobends loss

Microbends are small deformities in the optical fiber and macrobends are larger bends of the fiber cable. Fiber bends beyond the specified minimum bending radius can cause signal loss or even break the fiber, causing .

As a rule of thumb, the minimum bending radius should be bigger than ten times the outer diameter of the fiber cable. Telcordia recommends a minimum 38mm bending radius for 3mm .

Fiber optic cable management system should provide bend radius protection at all points where a fiber optic cable makes a bend. This helps ensure the network's long-term reliability; thus reduces the network operation cost by reducing network down time.

2. Well defined fiber optic cable management routing paths

The leading cause of fiber optic cable violation is improper routing of fibers by fiber installation technicians.

In a proper fiber cable management system, routing paths are clearly defined and easy to follow; such that the technician has no other option but to route the cables properly.

Well defined routing paths reduce the training time required for technicians and increase the uniformity of work done. It also makes accessing individual fibers easier, quicker and safer.

3. Easy access to installed optical fibers

Allowing easy access to installed fibers is critical in maintaining proper bend radius protection. The system should be designed to ensure that individual fibers can be installed or removed without inducing a macrobend on an adjacent fiber. Accessibility is critical during network reconfiguration.

4. Physical protection of installed optical fibers

Well defined fiber optic cable management system physically protects the fibers from accidental damage by technicians and equipment throughout the network.

Fiber optic cable management system procurement

When making the decision on purchasing your fiber optic cable management systems, the goal is getting the most cost-effective system that provides the best cable management, flexibility, and growth capabilities.

Going with the cheapest approaches for fiber optic cable management can cost more money in the long run. A strong fiber cable management system will enable you to extract the maximum value from your installed optical fiber networks.

Specifying Fiber Cable Management Systems: Cost and Value

As a means of keeping operational costs down, service providers around the world are increasingly turning to systems integrators to install their networks.

This practice allows the service provider's technicians to focus on operations and maintenance, rather than network installation. There is, however, an inherent risk in this practice.

As the purchasing decision for the fiber cable management system moves from the service provider's engineering group to the systems integration prime contractor, the cable management features of the distribution system are generally not specified.

What can happen, then, is the equipment installed may lack key features and functionalities. In light of the importance of proper cable management within the ODF, the service provider needs to specify the basic requirements for the cable management system.

There are several industry-standard specifications that can assist service providers in writing specifications for their cable management systems. Two of these specifications are:

=95 Telcordia Generic Requirements for Fiber Distribution Frames GR-449-CORE, Issue 2, July 2003

=95 Network Equipment Building System (NEBS) Generic Equipment Requirements, TR-NWT-000063 Colin Yao is the sales manager at Fiber Optics For Sale Co. and specializes in Fiber Optic Cable Management System. We also carry many more http://www.fiberoptics4sale.com ]]> Digital Zoom Versus Optical Zoom http://www.artwoo.com/article/digital-zoom-versus-optical-zoom http://www.artwoo.com/article/digital-zoom-versus-optical-zoom#comments Thu, 10 May 2007 09:20:02 +0000 digital zoomoptical zoomzoom lensmailwhat this means35 mm filmdigital cameras http://www.artwoo.com/article/digital-zoom-versus-optical-zoom digital cameras offer both digital and . These two often confuse the average camera buyer, until you know what you're looking at.

Optical zoom works much like the on a camera. It changes the length of your camera's lens and draws the subject closer to you. The optical zoom keeps the quality of the picture. works differently. It simply takes the picture and crops it then enlarges the part that is left. It causes the quality of the photo to be reduced, sometimes greatly.

in terms of output is you may have a larger view of an object with the digital zoom, but chances are your image will become unfocused. Details will become lost. It is actually best to turn off the digital zoom feature of your camera if possible. This will prevent you automatically zooming in too close as the digital zoom is often an extension of the optical.

There are a couple of things you can do if you want a closer view of a subject but want the quality of your picture to still be good. Try moving in closer when you take the picture. Often only a foot or two will do the trick. If this isn't possible, you can set your camera to take a picture at its highest file size. This will result in a photo that can be cropped to include only your desired subject, yet allow for an image that is still clear at http://www.reviews2.info

Digital zoom has its place. It can be used if the only destiny of your photo is the internet. Photos online can be a much lower quality in the camera and still appear acceptable when sent through e- or posted on a web gallery. If your goal is printing, however, seek a camera that has a greater optical zoom and turn off the digital zoom. Your pictures will be better in the end, even if they are not as close up. http://www.reviews3.info ]]> Networking With Fiber Cables http://www.artwoo.com/article/networking-with-fiber-cables http://www.artwoo.com/article/networking-with-fiber-cables#comments Fri, 21 Apr 2006 02:50:04 +0000 optical fiber cablesfiber optic cableplastic optical fiberoptical fibersmultimode duplexsimplexstrength members http://www.artwoo.com/article/networking-with-fiber-cables optical fibers enclosed in a protective covering and . Fiber cables are used to transmit data by the mode of light. Various types of fiber cables available are fiber cables, single mode fiber cables, single mode duplex fiber cables, and plastic .

There are many manufacturers who manufacture full line of fiber cables in both single mode and multi-mode, simples, duplex and multi-strand. Several manufacturers provide low cost, quick-turn, high volume fiber cables and fiber cable assembly solutions.

Cables with complete assembly of fibers, strength members and jacket refer to fiber cables. These fiber cables come in variety of forms depending upon their usability and place of use. It is important to identify the exact requirement of fiber cables whether they would be easy to install, splice or terminate, etc. This is necessary as it ultimately decides the cost of installing the fiber cables.

Fiber cables are required to protect fibers from external hazards. Thus before installing the fiber cables one should always assess the place of installation of fiber cables. Fiber cables required inside the house or a building are not exposed too much of hazardous condition thus simpler form and not-so-tough fiber cables can be used for installation. But if the fiber cables are to be installed for longer distances and outside premises then the cables should be robust. They should also be installed well beneath the ground to protect them not only from ground digging, water logging but also from prairie dogs.

Fiber cables comes in different types based on their usage patterns as well. The zip cord and simplex fiber cables refer to those used for desktop connections. Simplex fiber cables are one fiber, tight-buffered and jacketed. A zip cord is actually two simplex fiber cables joined by a thin web. On the other hand fiber cables made of several simplex cables are breakout fiber cables. This type of fiber cables is strong, rugged and larger. They are also a bit expensive but prove to be economic where distances are not too long and fiber count required is less.

Small fiber cables required for dry conduit run, riser or plenum are known as a distribution fiber cables that needs a breakout --box to be broken up or terminated in a panel box. They contain several tight-buffered fibers bundled under same jacket.

Aerial fiber cables are good enough for outside installation where as armored fiber cables are used for under-ground wiring where rodents are a problem. These fiber cables have metal armoring between two jackets to prevent rodents from tampering the cabling connections.

Loose tube fiber cables are perfect for plant trunk applications to prevent fibers from moisture or water. They can be buried directly in ground but must be handled carefully to prevent damage. Ribbon fiber cables have twelve or more fiber cables packed together laid in a rows. They are also a plant fiber cables which are gel-filled and are good for water blocking.

All fiber cable manufacturers manufacture different fiber cables but their product literatures should be carefully studied so as to assess which type of fiber cables they specialize in. James Croydon, Fiber Network Engineer and Optic Cable expert at f-Tech Associates ( http://www.fiber-cables-online.com ) publishes other articles related to Optic Cable at http://www.fiber-optic-test.com and http://www.fiber-optic-splicing.com ]]> Life is an Optical Illusion http://www.artwoo.com/article/life-is-an-optical-illusion http://www.artwoo.com/article/life-is-an-optical-illusion#comments Sun, 05 Oct 2008 03:36:23 +0000 optical illusionoptical illusionsfirst glancefundamental issuebootcampmany mengrad school http://www.artwoo.com/article/life-is-an-optical-illusion
Ask five people what they think about you. What type of energy do you convey? What type of confidence do you convey? What do you look like? How do you dress? Ask five people all of these things.

I have a client named Rob who is a great guy. Rob took a with me recently, and the other night we were out to dinner having a long talk. He's a great-looking guy, he's got a great image, he has lots of confidence -- but it's all an .

He projects these things to everyone who sees him but deep inside he doesn't really believe it. This is his . He doesn't believe that he's good-looking. Rob is 5'7", but if you sat with him at a table you'd think he was 6'2". He has this incredibly large persona.

But the problem is that he just doesn't believe it. Everyone sees it except for him.

Rob is what I call an optical illusion. This is why (and women) come to me for coaching -- what I can do with them is really work on the inside. It's great that you're able to exude these qualities, but if you don't actually believe it, other people won't either.

When you at Rob, you believe it. When you hear him talk, you still believe it. But if Rob doesn't believe it himself, he will never be able to go up to a woman -- even though she's feeling the heat and the energy -- and close her. He won't be able to get her phone number and go out with her.

Rob needs to believe it. And those of you who can relate to Rob -- those of you who live in a life of -- you need to do something to make yourself believe it.

Rob was telling me about some of his friends who are fascinated by what Rob did at the bootcamp. They desperately want to do the same thing but they are terrified. They keep making excuses -- about the money. "Oh, it's $2495, there is no way we could do that," they say, yet both of these guys are going to . They're trying to get advanced degrees so they can get a better job and make more money.

They are willing to invest in a degree that will help them to become more successful and make more money in the business world, but they are not willing to invest in themselves!

That's what you need to do. If you are an optical illusion, you need to invest your time and money in personal development. You need to invest in YOU. You are your own corporation, and you need to invest in yourself.

This is not a sales letter for one of my bootcamps -- either you're going to do it or you won't. But that's the thing about life: what are you waiting for to change yourself?

If everyone thinks that you are confident on the outside and you don't feel it on the inside -- if you are an optical illusion -- guess what? Your life is never going to change unless you start doing internal work.

So here is a suggestion -- and a challenge -- I have for all of you: I want you to go out there and find out if you are an optical illusion. I want you to ask five friends what they think of you.

What type of image do you project? What type of confidence do you convey?

I want you to go out there and do this today. And I want you to find out if you are an optical illusion. If you are, we really need to get you started doing some inner work on your brain. It won't change by itself. If it could, you already would have been able to self-motivate and make it happen.

Consider this the first step -- the first kick in the ass -- to getting rid of that optical illusion that you may be conveying to the world.Hailed on Fox News, The LA Times, The NY Times, Playboy and more... Legendary Dating Coach Launches a New Revolution For over nearly 20 years David Wygant has been earning the trust of American men and women looking to transform their love lives. (http://www.davidwygant.com)]]> Digital and Optical Camera Zoom: What's the Difference? http://www.artwoo.com/article/digital-and-optical-camera-zoom-whats-the-difference http://www.artwoo.com/article/digital-and-optical-camera-zoom-whats-the-difference#comments Tue, 11 Nov 2008 18:57:21 +0000 digital video camerasfuzzy photostraditional camerastraditional cameracamera manufacturersfilm cameradigital cameras http://www.artwoo.com/article/digital-and-optical-camera-zoom-whats-the-difference camera manufacturers, which only increases confusion. This article is aimed to bring a little more light into the problem and help you take a good decision when making the purchase.

Most mid-priced have an incorporated 3x/4x lens. These numbers refer to optical and digital zoom. Most cameras have both optical and digital zoom, with the exception of a few low-priced ones, which tend to make dull and . A digital camera's zoom function is quite similar to the one of a and does the same thing, namely bringing the subject closer. Anyway, in digital cameras here are two types of zoom, an optical and a digital one. Optical zoom is the one similar to the zoom of a . Digital zoom, on the other hand, simulates zooming by blowing up a selected part of the picture. It shouldn't be mistaken with photo editing, which refers to applications used to modify the image after it's been produced. Another common misconception about this type of zoom is that it is particularly useful for long distance photos. This cannot be farther from the truth. Optical zoom is much more important in a digital camera and it should be the one used as a criterion when comparing different models instead of digital or total zoom.

The quality of a digital camera is more dependent on optical zoom. To create even more confusion, manufacturers have begun to use the term of 'total zoom'. In fact, there is no such thing. At most it can refer to the fact that a camera has both types of zoom functions, digital and optical. like 35 mm or APS only had optical zoom. Optical zoom uses an incorporated lens to bring the image closer to the photographer. Professionals associate digital zoom with . They don't think of it as a real zoom for digital cameras because it just enlarges a part of the picture. In other words, it crops part of the image and enlarges the rest, resulting in a loss of quality. It works in the same way as the cropping and resizing options of photo editing applications. Another new term in digital photography is that of 'smart zoom'. This type of zoom avoids interpolation and thus maintains the quality of the image.

People sometimes compare optical zoom to resolution when they purchase a digital camera. This doesn't make any sense. The power of digital zoom and the resolution are two different things with no connection to one another. The resolution expresses the number of pixels in the picture, while optical zoom refers to the power of the lens. It has nothing to do with resolution and can neither increase it nor decrease it. Another tendency is to disable the camera's digital zoom. Many photographers don't trust this feature and would rather crop and resize the photo themselves on the computer. This is not a very goo practice as it decreases the camera's effectiveness.D. usually writes on photo resizing for reshade.com. Reshade.com specializes in online image processing and offers an online picture resizing application. And also it provides a image resizing application.]]> Providing A Fiber Optic Light Source http://www.artwoo.com/article/providing-a-fiber-optic-light-source http://www.artwoo.com/article/providing-a-fiber-optic-light-source#comments Mon, 10 Apr 2006 21:00:07 +0000 fiber opticoptical fiberlight emitting diodeselectromagnetic spectrumlight sourceoptical transmitterslight emitting diode http://www.artwoo.com/article/providing-a-fiber-optic-light-source fiber optic systems offer almost unlimited bandwidth and unique advantages over all previously developed transmission media. The basic convert electrical signals into modulated light for transmission over an . The most common devices used as the in optical transmitters are . Fiber optic light source make a good use of this, as have relatively large emitting areas and used for moderate distances. Fiber optic light source prove to be economical.

A fiber optic light source device is mounted on a package that enables optical fiber to couple as much light as possible into the fiber. In some cases a tiny spherical lens is also fitted to collect and focus each possible light onto the fiber. LED's i.e. light emitting diode and light diodes operate in infrared portion of . Their operating wavelengths are chosen according to the need. Fiber optic light source is reliable and the most common wavelengths used by fiber optic light source today are 850 to 1300 nanometers or in some cases even 1500 nanometers. Both LED's and LD's (light diodes) are available in three wavelengths.

There are two methods through which light can be coupled into the fiber optic light source. One is by pig-tailing and the other is placing the fiber's tip in very close proximity to an LED or LD. Since the only carrier in these systems is light there is no danger of electrical shock to the personnel repairing broken fibers.

Main function of fiber optic light source is to enable the light pulses move in fiber and works on the principle of total internal reflection, which states that when the angle of incidence exceeds a critical value light cannot get out of the glass instead it bounces back. The fiber optic light source works on this principle as it enables to transmit information down fiber lines in the form of light pulses.

There are many kinds of sources available that act as a fiber optic light source. A fiber optic light source usually comes in a rugged splash proof case and has single switch operation. A fiber optic light source has combination source for showing on or low battery. A single battery in a fiber optic light source supplies over 40 hours of operation in case of stable temperature compensated LED with 850 nm and/or 1300 nm fiber optic light source supply. They provide 40 dB measurement ranges when used with Fiber OWL or Micro OWL. There are also laser models available in this category.

In case of 1310 nm or 1550 nm output supplies which are temperature compensated, a single battery provides over 60 hours of operation. It provides 50 dB measurement range when used with Fiber OWL or Micro OWL. About The Author: James Croydon, Fiber Network Engineer and Fibre Optic Cable expert at f-Tech Associates ( http://www.fiber-optic-light-source.com ) publishes other articles related to Fibre Optic Cable at http://www.fiber-optic-tool.com and http://www.fiber-optic-test.com ]]> What Is Blu-Ray? http://www.artwoo.com/article/what-is-blu-ray http://www.artwoo.com/article/what-is-blu-ray#comments Tue, 01 Jan 2008 02:25:01 +0000 data storage technologydigital data storageblu ray disc associationblu ray disc playermythical beaststorage capacitiesviolet laser http://www.artwoo.com/article/what-is-blu-ray mythical beast. Blu-ray is a third-generation digital media or from the Blu-ray Disc Association, an assembly of corporate media and electronics technology leaders. Blu-ray discs are currently competing with HD-DVD to become the new optical disc format. They have much more and data transfer speeds than conventional DVD's and CD's.

Blu-ray Disc Versus Other Optical Discs

A Blu-ray disc, looks much like any other optical disc, including first-generation CDs, second-generation DVDs, and the competing third-generation HD DVDs.

A Blu-ray disc system uses a blue- with a wavelength of 405 nanometers to write and read data on the optical disc. This laser is the source of Blu-ray's name and the technology which differentiates Blu-ray from previous generation optical media. The 405 nanometer blue-violet laser is also used for writing and reading data on third-generation HD DVD discs, which have smaller data storage capacity per layer. Older optical media require a red laser for data storage and retrieval.

Blu-ray Storage Capacity

The Blu-ray disc system uses a shorter wavelength than conventional optical discs (CD systems use a red laser with a wavelength of 780 nanometers whereas DVD systems use the same red laser with a wavelength of 650 nanometers). The shorter wavelength means more precise data recording, which allows more data to be packed on the Blu-ray disc surface than a comparable CD or DVD surface. In fact, a standard single-layer Blu-ray disc can store as much as 25 GB of digital data, more than five times the storage capacity of conventional DVDs. A dual-layer Blu-ray disc can store a maximum of 50 GB of digital data. On the drawing board are quadruple-layer Blu-ray discs with 100 GB capacities.

Blu-ray Support

To enjoy the considerable benefits of a Blu-ray disc, one must have a Blu-ray disc player (either standalone or software-based) that supports reading of the Blu-ray disc. Blu-ray video players need to have an MPEG-2 codec (which makes a player capable of playing DVDs and HD DVDs), a VC-1 codec, and an AVC or MPEG-4 codec. Movies stored in Blu-ray discs will use any one of the above-mentioned codecs. One movie can also have more than one codec, as long as each codec used is supported by Blu-ray technology.

This article may be republished freely as long as this copyright notice and box of resource links are included at the bottom.

Copyright =A9 2007 MALIBAL, lLc MALIBAL is the Home of the World's Fastest Laptops! For more information, please visit: http://www.malibal.com ]]> Everything You Need to Know About Fiber Optic Ethernet http://www.artwoo.com/article/everything-you-need-to-know-about-fiber-optic-ethernet http://www.artwoo.com/article/everything-you-need-to-know-about-fiber-optic-ethernet#comments Thu, 03 Jul 2008 20:22:19 +0000 wavelength division multiplexinglink layer protocolfiber optic transceiversoptical fibersethernet installationxerox corporationfull duplex http://www.artwoo.com/article/everything-you-need-to-know-about-fiber-optic-ethernet
High distance-bandwidth product is the major selling point for . Another major benefit of fiber optic systems is their high reliability compared to other media.

Now fiber optic transceivers are commercially available for almost all international and industrial standards, including Ethernet, Fast Ethernet, Gigabit Ethernet, 10Gbit Ethernet.

So let's review the the bunch of industry standards and inspect the various applications that fiber optic transceivers provide.

There are two classifications for optical fiber: single-mode (SMF) and multi-mode (MMF). SMF is used for long distance communication and MMF is used for distances of less than 300 m. SMF has a narrower core (6.3 m) which makes it difficult to connect. MMF has a wider core (50 or 62.5 m) and is more expensive than SMF.

Ethernet

Ethernet is the result of research done at in the early 1970s. It has evolved into the most popular physical and today. Up until late 1980s, 10Mbit/s Ethernet had the largest installed base and was the most popular networking standard.

Fast Ethernet

By the mide of 1990s, all 10Mbit/s base have been upgraded to 100Mbit/s Fast Ethernet. The fiber standards for Fast Ethernet includes 100Base-FX, 100Base-SX and 100Base-BX.

100Base-FX uses a 1300nm multimode light. The maximum length is 2 kilometers for over multimode optical fiber.

100Base-SX is the lower cost alternative to 100Base-FX. It uses 850nm light and can only operate at distance up to 300 meters.

100Base-BX is version of Fast Ethernet over a single strand of optical fiber. (Both 100Base-FX and 100Bse-SX use two strands of ). It uses WDM () technology to separate the transmission and receiving signals.

Gigabit Ethernet

By the end of 1990s and early 2000s, most 100Mbit/s Fast Ethernet installation base have been upgraded to 1000Mbit/s Gigabit Ethernet. In the same process, fiber is increasingly the transmission medium of choice when copper reaches its fundamental limits for high speed transmission.

For fiber optic transceivers, the related industry standards include 1000Base-SX, 1000Base-LX, 1000Base-LH, 1000Base-BX10 and 1000Base-ZX.

1000Base-SX uses 850nm multimode light over multimode fibers. Its spec says the maximum operation length is 500 meters but usually it can reach much longer than that.

1000Base-LX uses 1300 or 1310nm single mode fiber and laser. Its specification says the maximum operation length is 5km. But manufacturers often guarantee over 10km working length.

1000Base-LH is not a standard but accepted by the industry. It is backward compatible with 1000Base-LX but its specification is 10km over single mode fiber. This is actually achieved by using high quality fiber optic components.

1000Base-BX10 operates over a single strand of single mode fiber. Similar to 100Base-BX, this is achieved by using WDM technology. Its specification is 10km.

1000Base-ZX is also not a industry standard by accepted by the industry. It uses 1550nm single mode fiber and laser to operate over 70km.

10Gbit Ethernet

10Gbit Ethernet is also called 10GigE. This was first published in 2002 and is still the fastest Ethernet standard, although 100Gbit Ethernet is under development. The standard includes 10GBase-SR, 10GBase-LR, 10GBase-LRM, 10GBase-ER, 10GBase-ZR and 10GBase-LX.Colin Yao is an expert on fiber optic communication technologies and products. Learn about fiber fan out kits, fiber optic fan out, fiber optic fanout on Fiber Optics For Sale Co. web site.]]> Carding For Color And Texture http://www.artwoo.com/article/carding-for-color-and-texture http://www.artwoo.com/article/carding-for-color-and-texture#comments Sat, 04 Nov 2006 08:27:04 +0000 monochromatic colorsanalogous colorsluxury fibersdyed yarnthings to remembercolor wheelcolor contrasts http://www.artwoo.com/article/carding-for-color-and-texture Luxury fibers like cashmere, angora, and alpaca And, if you are like me, a .

I need a color wheel when I am working with color blending to avoid making mud. Joseph Itten identifies seven . The contrasts I use when dyeing are hue, light and dark (as opposed to saturation), and warm and cool. I avoid complements unless the color areas are large. For instance, complements work when dyeing large areas of spaced , but may not when applying many colors in a painterly fashion.

Complements may not work in carding for color because the colors don't juxtapose, but blend and mud may result!

Light and dark may get lost in a blending situation.

and are great tools to use when choosing colors for color blending.

Equal parts of most colors work well together. A small amount of one hue may be lost in a blending unless it is shining, metallic, hairy, or in some way will stand out from the rest of the fiber.

Some about carding for color and texture is the resulting yarn will have the same characteristic as the fibers you are blending. If you want a smooth yarn, it would be best to avoid noils, silk waste, or short fibers such as cotton in the blend.

When spinning for a specific project, the carding process may have to take place over several carding sessions. It is a good policy to plan how much of each fiber you will need and also to weigh out what you will use so that you can maintain some consistency in the project from skein to skein.

I like to use undyed, bleached luxury fibers for blending because they stand out. You can SEE the little bits of cashmere!

Layer luxury fibers in between layers of wool when using a drum carder unless you have fine carding cloth or the finer fibers may ride on top of the wire teeth.

Thoroughly card silk noils before adding them to a blend unless you want the very nubby look of the noils. Jackie Kent is a spinner, weaver, author and business owner. See more of her articles at http://www.woolbearers.net ]]> Colon Cleanse: The Advantages Of Using Psyllium http://www.artwoo.com/article/colon-cleanse-the-advantages-of-using-psyllium http://www.artwoo.com/article/colon-cleanse-the-advantages-of-using-psyllium#comments Sat, 19 Aug 2006 20:27:13 +0000 colon cleansingcolon cleansecolon cancernatural fiberssoluble fiberspsylliuminsoluble fibers http://www.artwoo.com/article/colon-cleanse-the-advantages-of-using-psyllium colon cleansing is through the intake of dietary fibers. in food are of two categories, insoluble and soluble. The fibers add bulk to the waste matter in the intestine and help the intestine maintain regular bowel movement. is the safest and widely accepted fiber for colon cleansing.

In Wheat bran and other fibers made up of cellulose are insoluble in water. Water cannot help in lowering the levels of cholesterol in the body, unlike water soluble fibers. Water Soluble Fibers Psyllium has water-soluble fibers, as does oat bran and pectin. Psyllium can absorb water like a sponge, which helps it to add bulk to the matter inside the colon.

Psyllium: The Magic Remedy for Colon Disorders

1) Psyllium, apart from flushing out fecal matter, also flushes out cholesterol, thus lowering the harmful levels of cholesterol in the body.

2) Another advantage of using psyllium for is that it helps prevent diseases like .

3) Psyllium helps ease chronic symptoms like diarrhea, colitis and constipation.

4) If you are on a fast while undergoing a colon cleanse program, psyllium can help reduce the hunger pangs, as it makes the digestive system feel full.

5) Inside the colon, psyllium bulks up and cleans out the colon by absorbing harmful chemicals inside it.

6) Psyllium regulates bowel movements and eases cases of alternate diarrhea and constipation. It is milder than chemical laxatives that cause diarrhea if taken in stronger doses.

7) Psyllium promotes the growth of friendly bacteria like Lactobacillus acidophilus in the body. These bacteria are generally present in the human digestive tract since childhood, but may be destroyed through antibiotics and bad dietary habits. 8) Psyllium is beneficial for diabetics, since it regulates the level of blood glucose by slowing down the absorption of food in the intestine. It increases the secretion of enzymes by the pancreas.

Drinking the husk of psyllium dissolved in water or warm milk (optionally, you can add honey or maple syrup to taste) is one of the best methods of colon cleanse. Psyllium is a natural colon-cleansing agent and has no side effects. It is no wonder that people across the world have taken to psyllium as a remedy for bowel disorders and a method for achieving a healthy and clean digestive system. Barney Garcia writes about colon cleanse topics. Visit: http://www.detox-your-body.info, http://www.detox-your-body.info/colon-cleanse-herb.html and http://www.detox-your-body.info/colon-body-cleanse.html ]]> Children Clothing Made From Natural Fabrics Can Be the Best Choice http://www.artwoo.com/article/children-clothing-made-from-natural-fabrics-can-be-the-best-choice http://www.artwoo.com/article/children-clothing-made-from-natural-fabrics-can-be-the-best-choice#comments Wed, 17 Sep 2008 23:29:22 +0000 woven fibersdress fabricsnatural fabricscotton flaxnatural fibersspecialty fabricsknit fabrics http://www.artwoo.com/article/children-clothing-made-from-natural-fabrics-can-be-the-best-choice
Most clothing that is made from or fabrics will have a woven appearance. In addition, wools and other natural can be processed to give it a matted appearance. Most synthetic fabrics can be identified by their cut edges. fray when cut. If a fabric does not fray at its edges when cut or inspected at the seams, it is probably a synthetic or synthetic blend fabric. Synthetic materials are added to natural fibers to create a synthetic blend material.

The difference between natural fibers and fabrics is simple. Natural fibers are the threads that are woven to create a fabric. The weave may be loose or tight. One type of natural fiber may be used to create different styles of fabrics.

For children, the best fiber sources are vegetable and animal based. The different fibers that are used to create vegetable or animal source fabrics include cotton, flax or linen, hemp, jute, ramie, silk, sisal and wool fabric types. Leather, patent leather and suede are made from processed animal skins. Fur products are processed animal skin with the fur still on the skin. Animal based fibers (hairs) are used to create fabrics such as angora, cashmere, wool and mohair.

The different types of fabrics manufactured from natural fibers include broadcloth, jean type material, chino, camoflage, shirting, specialty , , velvet, velveteen, corduroy, satin, brocade and tapestry. Many with a variety of qualities can be created from natural fabrics.

Natural fabrics can be further categorized as vegan or non-vegan. Vegan consumer choices involve choosing only vegetable based products. If you want to use only vegetable based fabrics, avoid any animal based materials and fibers.

You can also distinguish fabrics as a sustainable fiber such as bamboo, cotton, hemp, lyocell and soy. Sustainable fabrics are created for conscientious consumers who want to avoid using the fabrics that have a great impact on the environment. Sustainable fibers can be produced in abundance without causing too much or little pollution during their growth, harvest and processing.

Natural fabrics will help to regulate the body's temperature. For instance, the woven quality of the fabric allows heat and moisture to escape when the temperature is hot. That is why cotton and other natural fabrics are preferred for hot weather clothing over synthetic fabrics. Unless synthetic fibers are blended with natural fibers in a woven fabric, synthetic fabrics generally trap heat and moisture next to the body, which is uncomfortable. In cold weather, synthetic fabrics are not as warm as natural fabrics.

Animal based products are generally keep warmth close to the body in cold weather. Wool has the ability to keep a person warm even when it is wet. Natural fabrics have a hardy quality because of the woven, matted or knitted method of manufacture.

For children, clothing made from natural materials are great for the child and can be found in many textures that are soft enough for the most sensitive skin. Natural fibers can keep a child comfortable under different weather conditions and temperatures. Well made natural clothing for children can be fashionable and durable enough to be passed along to the siblings.If you are looking for high quality kids clothes andbabies clothes at discount prices visit Igloo kids.]]> Rope: The Best Tool http://www.artwoo.com/article/rope-the-best-tool http://www.artwoo.com/article/rope-the-best-tool#comments Thu, 10 Aug 2006 02:27:05 +0000 industrial ropenatural fiberspolyethylene terephthalatesteel fiberssynthetic fibershemp hempmanila hemp http://www.artwoo.com/article/rope-the-best-tool
Ropes can be divided in two types according to its uses. Ropes that are used for general domestic purposes - such as to pull domestic animals, dry wet clothes, and fetch water or any other purpose - these ropes are classified as simple ropes. The second category is the . These ropes are used for production and manufacturing. The ropes can also be divided into many categories according to the fiber used in these ropes. Ropes are used right from the prehistoric times to the modern age. Yet, the utility of the ropes have never decreased. Simple Rope

Simple ropes designed for domestic purposes. These ropes are not very strong. The common materials used in simple rope include such as , hemp, linen, cotton, coir, jute, and sisal. All these fibers are obtained from plants. Some are also used for simple rope making. These synthetic fibers include nylon, polypropylene, and polyethylene, such as spectra. A high modulus polyethylene fiber, such as Kevlar and polyester or , is also used in the simple rope. Some simple ropes are made up of other fibrous materials such as silk, wool, and hair, but such ropes are not generally used. Simple ropes are also used is the adventure sports, such as rock climbing and bungee jumping.

Industrial Rope

These ropes are much stronger than simple ropes. They are made for heavy-duty use in more demanding industries. These ropes are generally made out of metal and . Industrial ropes are mainly used in pulleys to create a mechanical advantage and to share the load of the object. Industrial ropes are often used for building purposes. Barney Garcia writes about various kinds of rope. http://www.awesome-rope.info/wire-rope-nets.html, http://www.awesome-rope.info/nylon-rope-manufacturer.html and http://www.awesome-rope.info/sitemap.html ]]> Digital Camera FAQ http://www.artwoo.com/article/digital-camera-faq http://www.artwoo.com/article/digital-camera-faq#comments Tue, 11 Nov 2008 19:01:25 +0000 35 mm camerasdigital camera imagesoptical magnificationpicture elementcamera modelshorizontal dimensionimage editor http://www.artwoo.com/article/digital-camera-faq
How is optical zoom different from digital zoom?

The optical zoom of digital cameras functions in the same way as the one on normal . The lens moves forward and backwards to bring the image closer without losing any quality. The of the moving lenses ranges from 2.0x to 10.0x. The closer you get to the upper end, the farther away the subject can be when you take a photo. On the other hand, digital zoom is actually a software that simulates optical zoom without any physical movement. What it does is to crop the picture and enlarge it, just like a photo editing application which you can use afterwards. Using an after having transferred the photos to your computer is actually a better option because you have higher control over what you crop. Some newer digital automatically switch to digital zoom when you have exceeded the capacity of the optical zoom. If you don't want this to happen you can switch the feature off.

What zooming capacity should a digital camera have form optimal performance?

As stated earlier, optical zoom can range from 2x to 10x, but the majority of users are satisfied with 3x-6x. However, a high zooming capacity is a good thing, as long as you make sure you don't overlook other features.

What is a megapixel?

A megapixel consists of a million pixels. 'Pixel' is the short term for '' , which is one of the millions of little spots that make digital images. Your PC screen and are made out of grids of such dots. Each of them holds a color and all these colors dots combined form the picture. To find out the total number of pixels, multiply the vertical by the . The average PC screen, for example, has 1024 x 768 = 786,432 pixels or 0.8 megapixels. A camera with a higher number of megapixels can take more detailed and clear photos. For example, if you take a photo with a 2 megapixel camera, you will get two million pixels, while with a 4 megapixel one you get 4 million pixels. If you only print them in small sizes you will probably not see any difference, but on 8x10 prints it shows.

How many pixels do I need?

It depends on what you want to do with your photos. If you don't usually crop them and only print in small sizes (4x6, 5x7), you can do great with a 2-3 MP camera. In case you want to print photos in larger sizes, you need at least 4 MP. Despite the numerous advices you might receive to get the highest resolution camera you can afford, you should think of what you need and the fact that there are other features to consider too.

How is a nickel-cadmium (Ni-Cd) battery different from a nickel-metal hydride (NiMH) one?

Ni-Cd and NiMH batteries look pretty much the same, but NiMH batteries use hydrogen absorbing alloy instead of cadmium. A NiMH battery has 2-3 times higher capacity compared to a Ni-Cd one of approximately the same size and has lower environmental impact.Mr. Don specializes in writing on image resizers at Reshade. Reshade.com specializes in picture software applications and provides an online picture enlargement application. As a plus it provides a image resizing software application.]]> How Do Binoculars Work? http://www.artwoo.com/article/how-do-binoculars-work http://www.artwoo.com/article/how-do-binoculars-work#comments Sat, 12 Aug 2006 10:27:06 +0000 optical pathbinocularslight refractionmonocularsprismselementstelescopes http://www.artwoo.com/article/how-do-binoculars-work Binoculars are a pair of mirror-symmetrical attached by a centralized brace and an adjusting wheel. These binoculars are aligned to point in the same direction but provide the viewer with two slightly different perspectives of the same object for the purpose of producing, or reflecting, a greater sense of depth, dimension, and distance than single-lens view-pieces, known as . The most common binoculars are hand-held, but others, especially those larger, are mounted on stationary stands or tripods with rotation slides for panoramic viewing.

Binoculars function on the basic principles of reflection, distance, and . All binoculars show an erect image created through either Galilean Optics or optical . In the case of the latter, the between eyes and object is virtually "folded" by filtering called prisms inside the binoculars so that the actual physical distance between seer and that which is seen is less than the focal length of the lenses in the binoculars. This "folding" of the optical path increases the separation between the two lenses and ultimately creating a greater sense of depth. This actively involves reflection, distance, and light refraction.

Prismatic binoculars use a sequence of reflecting and filtering elements fitted within each monocular, initiating a Z-shaped optical path. In this way, the optical path is "folded" These little elements, known as porro prisms, are situated in such a way that they filter light and channel it through to optimize visual sharpness and clarity. Since binoculars have two of these chasms closely linked, the optical path is not only "folded," but doubled, created a more three-dimensional view of the object.

** Think: holding a magnifying glass in front of another magnifying glass and looking through both. The image is pulled up close because the visual distance between you and what you're seeing has been cut. Make sense?

Since some objects that are viewed are not at a fixed distance, and even more due to the fact that each viewer's eyes are different than any other's, binoculars must have focusing adjustments. With binoculars, each monocular is focused independently of the other, so both have to be adjusted to work with the other to amplify the object desired in accordance with the viewer's vision. Since it is more convenient to focus both monoculars at the same time, a central wheel on the binoculars provides synchronized adjustments. Each monocular, though, has its own adjustment wheel to accommodate the viewer's eyes. Once this adjustment is made, the central wheel on the bincoculars will be the only necessary mechanism for further focus.

** Think: If you're driving at nighttime and one of your headlights is burnt out, your vision is limited. One portion of the space in front of you is illuminated, the other dark. You therefore can't see the full picture.

Collimation is necessary for optimum focus in any set of binoculars; both monoculars must be aligned just right for binoculars to work properly. This is the main technical principle behind the concept of binocular vision. When collimation is successful, each of the monocular's "folded" optical paths are merged, and a three-dimensional image is constructed. This is the simple process of binocular function. Find more Binocular resources at http://www.myfirstbinoculars.info, and other great topics here http://www.information-checkstop.info. ]]>