kyoto protocol http://www.artwoo.com Returned search results for kyoto protocol Copyright 2008 Tue, 02 Dec 2008 04:14:20 +0000 http://www.artwoo.com/rss/kyoto+protocol What Our Nations Are Doing About Global Warming http://www.artwoo.com/article/what-our-nations-are-doing-about-global-warming http://www.artwoo.com/article/what-our-nations-are-doing-about-global-warming#comments Thu, 28 Sep 2006 12:27:04 +0000 causes of global warmingeffects of global warminggreenhouse gas emissionglobal responsibilitygreenhouse gaseskyoto protocolunited nations http://www.artwoo.com/article/what-our-nations-are-doing-about-global-warming causes of global warming, as well as committing to actions to help decrease the . In the United States, a Global Change Research Program has been crafted which represents one of the largest efforts ever pursued when it comes to understanding global warming. The Environmental Protection Agency is also in the fight, helping to partner with businesses and individuals to help try to achieve a baseline for curbing the problem so that we can all benefit. The has also drafted several proposals when it comes to climate change; the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change has been created. This organization was formed to consider what possible actions we can do to reduce our s. In addition, the convention was formed to help us to plan for what we should do if the inevitable temperature change happens.

The represents a firm commitment that many nations have signed, which targets countries when it comes to the responsibility of greenhouse gas emission. 163 countries have ratified the protocol thus far, and 35 of these countries still have a ways to go when it comes to reducing their emissions to a reasonable level. The targets specified in the Kyoto protocol estimate that the number of emitted in total around the planet should face a 5% decrease. While this change isn't huge, it does represent a step in the right direction when it comes to facing up to our .

Technology cooperation is another innovation that is helping the international community to deal with the problem of global warming. This strategy involves the sharing of developments of environmentally friendly technology between nations to help us adapt to the changes that we need to make to stop this problem. Also, the nations of the planet are working together to establish firm laws when it comes to land usage, changing land usage, and forestry. As the effects of global warming become more clear, more people will hopefully begin to understand the problem so that the nations of the world can cooperate in helping to save our planet. Kadence Buchanan writes articles for http://iweatherworld.com/ - In addition, Kadence also writes articles for http://fortheloveofscience.com/ and http://4educationinformation.com/ ]]> Kyoto Protocol and What it Means http://www.artwoo.com/article/kyoto-protocol-and-what-it-means http://www.artwoo.com/article/kyoto-protocol-and-what-it-means#comments Fri, 29 Aug 2008 18:08:31 +0000 greenhouse gas concentrationsgreenhouse gas emissionsgreenhouse gaseskyoto protocolburning of fossil fuelscredit certificatesclimate system http://www.artwoo.com/article/kyoto-protocol-and-what-it-means Kyoto Protocol' from the name of the place where it was signed. As of now, 170 countries have committed to implement the Protocol. The only exceptions are Kazakhstan, Brazil, India, China and USA who are not bound by it.

The clearly defined objective was to achieve 'stabilization of in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the .'The Protocol makes a distinction between the carbon dioxide produced naturally through respiration and decomposition and the one made by burning fossil fuel. The one that is caused by man is called anthropogenic. The emission of carbon dioxide from for generating power or for making cement is not a natural process. It is caused by man. It is therefore anthropogenic.

The Kyoto Protocol came into force on 16th February 2005. In terms of the Protocol, in a short period of five years from January 2008 to December 2012, the countries are required to reduce their to at least 5% below their 1990 levels. It is not an easy task. The production of the gases would have increased already from 1990 to 2007 and to roll it back seventeen years and further reduce by 5% is going to be very difficult to achieve.

But they have provided flexibility. The object is to reduce the global emission in totality. Therefore if a company could reduce it in a cheaper way than another, they could trade and benefit each other. The Kyoto Protocol has adopted a system of 'cap and trade' so that the companies can buy 'carbon credits' to offset against their emissions to comply with the reduction requirement. Carbon are issued to the industries effecting reduction in the emission of carbon dioxide and other by the UN agency. These Carbon Credit Certificates can be sold and cashed easily on the Stock Exchanges. Some of the polluting industries find it cheaper to buy these credits instead of reducing their own emissions. And so, the system is working. This has become a new business opportunity in the developing world as the mechanism provides easy financing of green projects. Many banks are buying the future Carbon Credit Certificates in advance at a discounted price to hasten the implementation of projects.

But if a company cannot meet its target emission reduction, many countries have adopted a system of Carbon Tax to be paid in default of compliance. The money collected from the Carbon Tax would be spent on forestation and other schemes to offset the emissions.

Thus the polluting companies like coal based thermal power plants, which spew out thousands of tons of carbon dioxide, have 3 options: (1) reduce emissions to the required level, and or (2) buy Carbon Credit Certificates to purchase the emission savings and or (3) pay the Carbon Tax. The companies can adopt a combination of the first 2 to achieve the emission reduction compliance which is labeled as 'carbon neutrality'. It's now become a fashion for companies to advertise their carbon neutrality to boost their image with the investing public.

It is a wonderful idea! The work towards emission reduction has now got the carrot and stick policy. Reduce emissions and get rewarded or else pay tax. There will be definite action as the idea is backed with money. The industry will exploit the potential of earning Carbon credits and in the process help to reduce their emissions of the greenhouse gases. We must give kudos to those who thought of it.

But will it solve the problem of Global warming? eMaya the expert on Climate Control has done an extensive analysis and has found a solution how to stop Global warming notwithstanding the burning of fossil fuel. Read all about it in the book 'eMaya' which is available on Amazon, or you can see it at www.trafford.com/08-0434Dilip Dahanukar studied engineering in India and management in the USA. He has rich experience in corporate management and finance. He is interested in environment which has resulted in the book eMaya: How to stop Global warming. Married to an artist (painter) he has 2 daughters both married, one of them residing in the US. He loves gardens and plants and spends his weekends in his forest-garden abode in the hills in India.]]> Climate Change and Politcs: Global Warming Continues Due to Too Much Hot Air? http://www.artwoo.com/article/climate-change-and-politcs-global-warming-continues-due-to-too-much-hot-air http://www.artwoo.com/article/climate-change-and-politcs-global-warming-continues-due-to-too-much-hot-air#comments Mon, 22 Sep 2008 19:50:31 +0000 last ditch attemptban ki moonpoznan polandkyoto protocolclimate dealkyoto agreementmedia speculation http://www.artwoo.com/article/climate-change-and-politcs-global-warming-continues-due-to-too-much-hot-air
Now, over four years on, the momentum that King called for has not materialized anywhere but in the showboating embroidery from our politicians and in the cynical green-washing from our captains of industry. The - which was widely seen as a to press the greed and stupidity that drive climate change every just as much as the pollutants themselves - failed. Bush, in his enlightened wisdom, decided that further research into climate change was needed before carbon taxes could be introduced. Thus, 4% of the world's population -- America -- continued to account for over one fifth of the world's carbon emissions.

A successor to Kyoto is due to be thrashed out in 2009 amidst the lushly upholstered suites and complimentary coffee lined tables of Copenhagen's most suitable venue: the greenhouse-like Copenhagen Congress Centre. The centre will, in a completely non-symbolic gesture, be powered by its very own wind turbine. So this time, you know they mean business.
The reassurance of a windmill and some serious political hyperbole and have not been enough to persuade the UN Secretary, General Ban Ki-moon, to let the international community rest upon their...well, success would be too strong a word, but the little bit that they have managed to achieve, until the Copenhagen .

General Ban Ki-moon, talking to the diplomats gathered to celebrate the anniversary of the UN climate panel, said that the politicians should aim to make some serious headway before then this December in Poznan, Poland.
The , which will expire in 2012, has been largely seen as a complete failure in terms of reducing carbon emissions. 37 countries, all developed, signed the protocol, but there are some rather serious holes in the thing. For one, America and China have completely failed to impose any limits under Kyoto. For two, the carbon balance sheets ignore certain, little things. Like shipping and air travel. Whoops.

The fear caused by the knowledge that climate change is already affecting us has resulting in an increased impetus in the battle between action and continued inaction. The one hundred months campaign (http://www.onehundredmonths.org) for example, reckons that "We have 100 months to save the planet", because after that we "could be beyond the climate's 'tipping point, the point of no return.'

Talking to Reuters, Ban Ki-moon suggested that the Poland meeting should serve as a "very successful bridge" for the later meetings in Copenhagen. It is encouraging that climate change has stopped being seen as a long term issue, and hopefully the immediacy of its effects will bring about a mature, effectual political response to the problem.Matt Gammie is a writer for ecoswitch]]> Carbon Offsetting http://www.artwoo.com/article/carbon-offsetting http://www.artwoo.com/article/carbon-offsetting#comments Thu, 23 Nov 2006 20:27:02 +0000 kyoto protocoltargetgreenhouse effectcarbon dioxidekyoto commitmentburning of fossil fuelsplanting trees http://www.artwoo.com/article/carbon-offsetting
Well, basically carbon offsetting helps you to offset the that you use when flying or driving etc by or installing solar panels and thereby removing your contribution to global climate change. You contribute to pollution by driving; you reduce the pollution by planting trees! You are carbon neutral!

What is Carbon Dioxide?

Carbon Dioxide is an inevitable product of the way we all live today. It is produced primarily through the in: -

•electricity generation •the powering of vehicles, trains and aircraft •home heating and cooking (gas, wood, coal, oil)

Using Renewable Energy is one way of reducing the amount of fossil fuel that we burn via homes and businesses.

Gases released into the atmosphere by human activity are forming an insulating barrier around the Earth, preventing the natural release of heat from our atmosphere. There are a number of gases that are held responsible for this process, which is sometimes referred to as 'the '. While methane and other gases contribute to the problem, the chief culprit, by virtue of the volumes produced, is carbon dioxide. Currently, around one quarter of carbon emissions are absorbed by the soil and one quarter by the oceans.

The , negotiated by more than 160 nations, aims to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by setting legally binding emissions reduction s for developed countries. Under Kyoto, the UK's target is to cut its emissions by 12.5 percent below 1990 levels by 2008-2012. However, the UK government is convinced that the UK can and should go further. The Kyoto Protocol is only the first step. The Government has therefore set a domestic goal to go further than the and cut the UK's emissions of carbon dioxide by 20 percent below 1990 levels by 2010.

You Can Make a Difference, This is How

You, your business or employer may be already taking steps to tackle their carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions at source using renewable energy and efficiency measures wherever possible. An initiative that offers extra action for businesses to offset their remaining CO2 emissions through tree planting.

By supporting tree planting across the UK, businesses can help to create valuable woodland that will grow to sequester (absorb and store) CO2 pollution and in so doing, help with the fight against climate change.

In addition to the environmental benefits of absorbing atmospheric carbon as they grow and mature, woodland provides a rich and important habitat valued by wildlife and people alike. By using a simple carbon calculator you can obtain an idea of how much carbon dioxide you, your family, your business are responsible for producing each year. Using data sources you can calculate how many trees you need to plant to offset or balance your carbon dioxide production. Your lifestyle can then be said to be carbon neutral or balanced.

Visit GuideMeGreen for various companies that can neutralize your carbon contribution. I work with the Green and Ethical directory http://www.guidemegreen.com This growing green resource lists 100s of Organic, Fairtrade, Eco and Ethical companies and Articles at http://articles.guidemegreen.com/ We also have loads of jobs at http://jobs.guidemegreen.com/ ]]> Find All The Global Warming Information Sources At One Site http://www.artwoo.com/article/find-all-the-global-warming-information-sources-at-one-site http://www.artwoo.com/article/find-all-the-global-warming-information-sources-at-one-site#comments Wed, 20 Jun 2007 07:34:54 +0000 global warming and climate changeemission reduction targetskyoto protocolsglobal warming researchkyoto protocolgoddard space centergovernments http://www.artwoo.com/article/find-all-the-global-warming-information-sources-at-one-site governments all need fast access to all the latest and news.

Alphatech5.com has created a large directory of information on Global Warming and put together all of the links to every major research center, research paper, news source, government bodies and educational institutions that are the authorities on Climate Change and Global Warming.

Leading authorities such as the IPCC, US EPA, the Stern Review, the Woods Hole Institute, NASA's and dozens more can all be accessed from one easy directory.

The site can be found at:

http://www.alphatech5.com/cchange/cchange.htm

Access is free and all interested parties are welcome to browse the directory and use the links as required. They give essential information for the general public, plus important research links for students and educators.

are now accepted as fact, with governments around the world now looking to build on the by establishing greenhouse gas .

The US President, George W Bush, has recently held talks with European counterparts in order to kick start this process and begin working on establishing reduction targets and time frames for the USA.

Currently only the USA, Canada and Australia have not accepted the and it is currently the intention of those governments to establish their own frameworks rather than adopt the Kyoto Protocols.

The major stumbling block to worldwide adoption of uniform targets and time-frames will be differing economic and political imperatives. The fast developing nations such as China and India do not wish to hinder the growth of their burgeoning economies, whilst the developed nations do not wish to slow their economies drastically either by reducing their income from fossil fuel industries such as oil, gas, petroleum and coal.

The need to reduce greenhouse gas emissions is clear. Polar ice caps are receding rapidly, glaciers are disappearing, weather patterns are changing, flora and fauna are disappearing at alarming rates.

It is now not a question of will the use of fossil fuels disappear, but when? Alternative energy sources such as Fuel Cells, Solar, Wind, Wave and even Nuclear will grow apace and the fossil fuel industries are now in their sunset phase.

Like the steam train, they have been of great use to mankind but they have now outlived their usefulness and must be consigned to the pages of history.

Keep plenty of photographs of your favourite petrol-guzzling auto. In a few years we will all be driving Hybrids - and eventually Fuel Cell or Hydrogen powered cars. Allan Barker is the CEO and owner of http://Alphatech5.com Contact alb5049@gmail.com http://www.alphatech5.com/cchange/cchange.htm Global Warming Information Directory Click this link to go to the Directory. ]]> Stay Sharp on Climate Change http://www.artwoo.com/article/stay-sharp-on-climate-change http://www.artwoo.com/article/stay-sharp-on-climate-change#comments Mon, 08 Sep 2008 11:36:28 +0000 oil company executivesmart alexsmall actslifestyle choicescarbon footprintmolten waxkey bit http://www.artwoo.com/article/stay-sharp-on-climate-change lifestyle choices, or have their sights set on mountainous political heights, there are a large number of people out there who are not content to simply know about environmental issues, but want to act. Maybe you're one of them.

It can be hard, sometimes, to decide upon the best course of action. After all, for each 'idealist' environmentalist activist there are a large handful of disillusioned, 'seen-it-all before' types who, despite caring about the environment, feel impotent to act in any meaningful way. And for each one of those people there are many hundreds of others who simply do not care about the environment at all -- the global warming-denying SUV driver, the miscreant, -faced -- who will never support, let alone commit, an act of environmental kindness.

It is all too easy for cynics to dismiss individual acts as being ineffective beyond their symbolic, if not supercilious, weight. However, the very foundation of much green-thinking is the idea that , if they were universalized, would make a huge difference. Even small acts, such as turning a thermostat down or only eating meat every other day would make a massive dent on an individual's when multiplied over a month, a year or a lifetime.

Everyone knows how disheartening it is to try and make these changes when surrounded by cynics. We've all had that moment when some house-mate or relative feels obliged to ask why you've switched to soya milk and, before you've strung the words ridiculous and carbon footprint into a sentence, they have helpfully remind you that a) you flew to Spain just last year, and not even on business or b) those are leather shoes, you cow hypocrite or c) global warming is unprovable, like God.

A of green baiting came this week, and not just from some smart-alex house-mate or cocky motor show presentor, but from the Prime Minister of a country.

The Turkish Prime Minister, Recep Tayyip Erdogan, has distinguished between the environmentalist who "prance around", that is when they are not being "idle", and the true environmentalists, his government - who have just signed up to lame-duck, compromised Kyoto. Environmental groups, the Prime Minister said, are comprised of "people who try to do something with their spare time." He went on to add "We have signed the Kyoto protocol. Did they even stop to say thank you?"

Speaking to a group of campaigners during a visit to Rize on the Black Sea he said "Where were you until now? Why were you silent? The government is trying to do something now. Why didn't you do anything when the fish farms were first built? There is this tendency to hit at the government and Tayyip Erdogan no matter what. You don't have the right."

Whilst it might be nice to imagine that the people in charge don't normally say this kind of thing, it may well be the case that they often think it fairly loudly. Just don't let that fact put you off your soya milk.

Matt Gammie is a content writer for http://www.ecoswitch.comMatt Gammie is a content writer for ecoswitch]]> Diameter Protocol - The Next Generation AAA Protocol http://www.artwoo.com/article/diameter-protocol-the-next-generation-aaa-protocol http://www.artwoo.com/article/diameter-protocol-the-next-generation-aaa-protocol#comments Wed, 19 Nov 2008 10:01:33 +0000 http://www.artwoo.com/article/diameter-protocol-the-next-generation-aaa-protocol Diameter protocol is an upgrade of the older AAA protocol, Remote Authentication Dial In User Service (RADIUS). So what good are these AAA protocols? Let us start by defining what AAA stands for. Authentication, Authorization, and Accounting (AAA) are the major processes required when an entity requests a connection to a network service. Both Diameter and RADIUS protocols provide these services for anybody or any machine that wishes to make contact with a network.

Services requiring AAA protocols include ISP's, web servers, Wireless Networks, and other services that need authentication of an entity before providing a connection. Connecting to an ISP providing dial-up connection requires a user of an ID and a password. The process starts by verifying the account from the ISP's valid entries, once verified it continues to search for privileges given to the user before allowing it to access the accounting section of the network. Diameter protocol uses an enhanced method in performing the process.

Advanced features of diameter protocol include error management and notification, enhanced AVP (attribute-value pairs), and reliable connection through the use of TCP and SCTP instead of UDP. RADIUS can perform the basic function of an AAA protocol however, the demand for more reliability and security made the advent of diameter protocol. This includes the requirement of wireless network providers for advance roaming features.

Diameter protocol uses peer-to-peer standard. This means that an entity implementing the protocol can either be the client or server. A client may request a connection to the server by sending an Accounting-Request. This request will then be verified by a Capability-Exchange-Request (CER) message and once recognized for compatibility the receiver will then be sending Account- Answer message.

To secure diameter messages, it is required that a diameter stack must use IPsec and an optional TLS (Transport Layer Security) to convey these messages. Diameter data is carried in the form of AVP containing routing information and AAA information. Messages can be in different forms, but are synchronous from both the requesting entity and the server. A counterpart message form is located at the server to transport back responses to the client.

A connection can be established by sending a request to another diameter peer. Once a responding peer is detected, a client diameter will then issue a unique session-id to determine the time frame of the connection. The session-id holds the information for the session as the communication continues. The session will be constantly monitored by the diameter server to determine to connectivity of both nodes. If a recipient is not present, a termination session will be sent ending the connection.

Diameter stack allows developer to integrate the protocol to any application that complies with the requirement. Through the diameter stack, an application may be able to support applications or interfaces with extensions Cx, CCA, Dx, Rf, Ro, and Sh. A diameter stack should also be compliant with the 3GPP or 3GPP2 standards.

If you are looking for more information related to then feel free to visit http://www.traffixsystems.comIf you are looking for more information related to diameter stack then feel free to visit diameter protocol from TraffixSystems.Com.]]> Voip Systems - Just What Is An Ip, Anyway? http://www.artwoo.com/article/voip-systems-just-what-is-an-ip-anyway http://www.artwoo.com/article/voip-systems-just-what-is-an-ip-anyway#comments Mon, 30 Jul 2007 15:25:00 +0000 internet protocol addressesnetwork layer protocoldelivery protocoldata protocolnetwork protocolmailcontact http://www.artwoo.com/article/voip-systems-just-what-is-an-ip-anyway data protocol that is used for communication across a network. A protocol, then, is a standard that governs the connection of that between two points on a network. Protocol also references a set of guidelines or rules that govern the aspects of the communication across the network.

IP, then, is what is known as a and is housed and governed in a data linkage known as Ethernet. Ethernet refers to what are essentially a family of computer properties and technologies used across local area networks or LANs. Ethernet tends to provide unique global or IP addresses to users on the networks. IP is basically the tools of communication and the identity of a particular computer or network's "global address." IP is entirely concerned with where the data ends up whereas Ethernet references and is concerned with the actual next device in the next chain of communication. To use the aforementioned example regarding a child's telephone, the Ethernet would be concerned with the two cans more than it would be with the string.

The first version of IP to be used worldwide and widely deployed was IPv4. IPv4, as the name would suggest, was the fourth edition of internet protocol and is used on the internet along with IPv6. IPv6 and Ipv4 are actually the only forms of internet protocol to be utilized on the World Wide Web. IPv4 is what is known as a "best effort delivery" protocol; there are not many service guarantees within IPv4 or any other IP for that matter. In fact, best effort delivery contains a number of notions that do not guarantee a level of quality for service customers or a level of reliability in terms of connectivity to any network. The best comparison to this philosophy would be the post office. While no resources are left unused in the operation of delivering , there is no actualized guarantee as to when you mail will arrive.

Along with a lack of data guarantee, IP may also deliver some data corruption, some lack of connectivity to the network, some double arrival in connectivity pings to the network, and even some loss of connection packets. For businesses using voice over ip phone connection or voip systems, this can cause a problem. The only thing IP actually can guarantee to its users is that the address will be correct in terms of connectivity. So the connection may be duplicated or may not arrive at any particular time and the data may be corrupted, but at least the connection knows the address and can deliver it to the address if the factors arrive as predicted. That sounds more and more like the postal service, doesn't it?

IP, while seemingly complex, simply provides a set of rules and regulations in the world of technology that enables data the ability to transmit across a given network, going as far as to include voice over ip services. This happens because the computers in the network have IP addresses and can function within the network's regulations. IP governs these addresses and the involvement of the address with the regulations, transferring data around the network. Are you looking for VOIP Solutions? Learn more about VOIP Services at http://voipsolutions.adviceforlife.net ]]> Personal Injury May be Affected by Extended Pre-Action Protocols http://www.artwoo.com/article/personal-injury-may-be-affected-by-extended-pre-action-protocols http://www.artwoo.com/article/personal-injury-may-be-affected-by-extended-pre-action-protocols#comments Sat, 22 Nov 2008 10:57:28 +0000 civil justice councilclinical disputesdisclosure of documentsalternative dispute resolutioncourt proceedingscjclitigants http://www.artwoo.com/article/personal-injury-may-be-affected-by-extended-pre-action-protocols Civil Justice Council () has completed various studies and is now seeking to establish the introduction of pre-action protocols across all actions which can be litigated in the Courts. The introduction of these pre-action protocols is aimed at persuading potential to attempt to resolve their dispute before they start a claim and demands for are issued.

There are well-defined pre-action protocol obligations that are in place for nine areas, the better known of which are:

• Personal Injury
•
• Construction and Engineering Disputes
• Professional Negligence

The CJC, which wishes to introduce further pre-action protocols, has been concerned not to tamper with those established protocols. As a result of this, the CJC proposes that a 'general pre-action protocol' be introduced. The rules of the 'general pre-action protocol' will be both applicable and obligatory, unless the dispute falls within one of the nine pre-existing pre-action protocols currently in force.

The idea behind pre-action protocols is to encourage potential litigants to make every effort to resolve their dispute prior to actually starting a claim. The new general protocol will require and consideration of (ADR), including arbitration.

In debt claims, the general pre-action protocol will require business claimants with potential claims against an unrepresented individual to provide a series of particular pieces of information. Firstly, they must ensure that details are made available as to how the money owed can be paid. Secondly, details of who the Defendant should contact to discuss the repayment, such as instalments or deferment, must also be made available. In addition to these, information about sources of fee debt advice must be included as well.

This information will not have to be part of the initial pre-action protocol letter, but must be drawn to the individual's attention at some stage. This proposed inclusion follows HM Court Service consultation which identified that many debtors, instead of being encouraged to engage with creditors at an early stage, tend to ignore demands until Court proceedings are issued. The general pre-action protocol requirements are aimed at encouraging engagement. Early engagement in such matters often leads to a far more straightforward resolution, with a quicker conclusion of the issue reached for both parties as a result.

It is therefore intended to roll out pre-action protocols across the board, by expanding the requirements for parties to attempt to resolve matters without the Court's assistance. The message for all potential litigants, therefore, will be to engage with each other at an early stage, as opposed potentially to letting matters worsen, making productive engagement between the parties more difficult later. To encourage this process, of the principle in the current pre-action protocol rules that "it is expressly recognised that no party can or should be forced to mediate or enter into any form of ADR" will not feature under in the proposed general pre-action protocol.

Finally, it should be noted that the current sanctions for non-compliance with pre-action protocols are likely to be adopted into the general pre-action protocol rules.

This article is free to republish provided the authors resource box below remains intact.Mark Bishop is a Fellow of The Institute of Legal Executives and is a key member of London Law Firm Healys Solicitors, also aiding the Brighton Solicitor office.]]> The Top 10 Sights Of Kyoto, Japan http://www.artwoo.com/article/the-top-10-sights-of-kyoto-japan http://www.artwoo.com/article/the-top-10-sights-of-kyoto-japan#comments Tue, 13 Nov 2007 21:29:57 +0000 holiday in japankyotocapital of japanemperor kammutokyoshinto shrinesightseeing http://www.artwoo.com/article/the-top-10-sights-of-kyoto-japan holiday in Japan, their thoughts usually turn to . Now, there's nothing wrong with Tokyo =96 its soaring skyscrapers perfectly contrasting with its sombre temples =96 but there is a lot more to Japan than the bright lights of its world famous capital.

Take , for example. The city is the historical and cultural =96 a fine mix of urban sprawl and cultural gems. Indeed, Kyoto was home to the Japanese Imperial family from 794 all the way up to 1868 when the Emperor decided to relocate to Tokyo. Kyoto is one of the few major Japanese cities to avoid the destruction of aerial raids during World War 2, and aside from anything else that makes it a fascinating part of any holiday in Japan.

How much time you wish to spend in this amazing city is mainly down to your tastes in . Outside of the shopping and purely commercial aspects of the town the main sights are almost entirely made up of by cultural sights such as Buddhist temples and Zen gardens. Because of the quantity of historical and cultural sights, it is very easy to overdo Kyoto sightseeing if done too quickly. Thankfully, walking from sight to sight through the marvelous city tempers this nicely and allows visitors to enjoy the rich contrasts a Japanese holiday in this region can offer. Still, if you only have the time or energy to visit 10 of Kyoto's cultural and historical treasures, these are what I'd recommend (in no particular order)

Heian Jungu

This is famous for having the largest torii in the whole of Japan. The shrine was built in 1895 to celebrate the 1100th anniversary of Kyoto (formerly Heiankyo), and is dedicated to and Emperor Komei. If you happen to be on holiday in Japan on October 22nd, you will have the chance to see the `Festival of Ages' (Jidai Matsuri) which takes place here and celebrates the day when Kyoto became Japan's capital. The festival includes a huge procession of around 2,000 people which stretches for several kilometers.

Gion

Gion is the district of Kyoto renowned for its geisha houses and is the best area of the city to see geisha and maiko going about their everyday business. Gion was built in the middle ages, but due in part to some areas being declared a national historical preservation district, some of the architecture and entertainment remains similar to how it was when first established.

To clarify a popular misconception =96 geishas are not prostitutes, and Gion has never been a red light district.

Kinkakuji (Golden Pavilion Temple)

The most striking feature of Kinkakuji (and where it gets its name) is from the gold leaf that entirely covers the top two tiers of the pavilion. It is a stunning site and one that Japanese holiday makers cannot help but associate with Kyoto. The temple is placed next to a pond, allowing a shimmering mirror image of the structure to be viewed by all who visit, creating a powerful image of a connection between heaven and earth. Although the gold leaf covering makes the temple extremely valuable, its value is not entirely monitory, but also spiritual: within its walls it houses relics of the Buddha.

Ginkakuji (Silver Pavilion Temple)

Listing this directly below the Golden Pavilion Temple is slightly misleading, because while the aforementioned temple's golden covering makes it something of an ostentatious monument, this temple is comparatively minimalist. This is because while the original plan was to make this temple a silver accompaniment to its golden cousin, the plan was never carried out and it remains a delightful example of minimalism and restraint.

The temple itself is a simple two-story building, but its beautiful appeal is found in the surrounding serenity of the two gardens. The first is a pond garden composed of rocks and plants =96 the aim being to grant a different perspective from every angle. The second garden includes two carefully sculpted sand mounts which offer a sense of perfect serenity.

Kyoto Imperial Palace

Kyoto's Imperial Palace (Kyoto Gosho) was once the home of Japan's Imperial family, but when the capital shifted to Tokyo in 1868, the rulers followed. The structure has burned down on many occasions and the present reconstruction was only built in 1855.

The complex itself is encased in a long wall and is made up of several halls, gardens and gates. Although the enthronement ceremonies of Emperor Taisho and Emperor Showa were held within this palace's main hall, the current Emperor was inaugurated in the Tokyo Imperial Palace.

Kiyomizudera

Kiyomizudera (or "Pure Water Temple") is one of the most famous temples in Japan with both tourists and locals. Founded in 780 by one of the oldest sects in Japanese Buddhism (the Hosso), the temple is a UNESCO world heritage site. Located in the wooded hills in eastern Kyoto, the temple offers a fabulous view over the city from its wooden terrace. The spring below said terrace is said to have water with healing properties and is the reason the temple has its name.

Fushimi Inari

Inari is the Shinto god of rice, and foxes are supposed to be his messengers. For that reason, the Fuhimi Inari shrine is dotted with many fox statues. The many tori gates make for an unforgettable experience, but if you can manage it, visiting the shrine in the evening is a must =96 the dim lights and sounds of the wildlife make for a delightfully atmospheric walk through the shrine's tori gates.

Tenryuji Temple

Tenryuji Temple is considered the most important Zen Temple in Kyoto, and the literal translation of its name is "heavenly dragon temple". The building started out its life as a private villa of Emperor Go Daigo, and was later converted after his death to a temple in his memory. Legend has it that a Buddhist priest had an uneasy dream where a dragon rose from a nearby river, making him believe that Go Daigo's spirit was uneasy and that a temple should be built to appease him.

The temple has been damaged by fires an unlikely eight times, though the last instance was over 150 years ago. As a result, the current incarnation of the building is only 100 years old, but the garden is one of the oldest in the country, dating from the 14th century.

Ryoanji Temple

The Ryoanji temple has been designated as a World Heritage site by UNESCO. The name means `temple of the peaceful dragon' and it belongs to the Myoshinki school of the Rinzai branch of the Zen sect. The garden itself is regarded as one of the most pure examples of Japanese culture. Perfect in its simplicity, the garden consists of clay walls, raked sand and 15 rocks. Alastair Donnelly is the Director of Inside Japan Tours (http://www.insidejapantours.com). The company boasts over 15 years collective experience of living and working in Japan, and endeavor to pass on this passion and expertise to their customers. ]]> How To Build A Simple Open-Source Distributed Protocol Analyzer http://www.artwoo.com/article/how-to-build-a-simple-open-source-distributed-protocol-analyzer http://www.artwoo.com/article/how-to-build-a-simple-open-source-distributed-protocol-analyzer#comments Sun, 30 Dec 2007 18:34:59 +0000 remote control softwareprotocol analyzernetwork transactionos requirements1gb memorysource vendorconfiguration issues http://www.artwoo.com/article/how-to-build-a-simple-open-source-distributed-protocol-analyzer Source vendor,( i.e. Ethereal =AE/ WireShark =AE), this process is time honored and as such, is considered to be "Best Practice."

This design is meant to assure that the NIC that is listening to the Monitor is not sending any packets itself. The Monitor Card should have no protocols bound to itself and listens in promiscuous mode. Additionally, the PC should be as passive as possible and not phoning home to vendors because of unnecessary software it has loaded.

One process is to take a company's standard laptop and customize it by removing anything that is not needed to support the role of a . Any software that is not part of the laptops should be un-installed. Once the laptop has been stripped down this way, load the Open Source Protocol Analyzer of your choice and test it.

Once testing is satisfactorily completed, save an Image of the laptop to be used to generate other Open Source Laptop Protocol Analyzers.

System Requirements:

Pentium 4 or higher.

or higher.

2 NICs. One of which is 100Mbs (not Gigabit) to be used as the Monitor Card. (NOTE: This process is not appropriate for Gigabit Monitoring.)

(i.e. VNC) that supports File Transfers from the laptop acting as a Protocol Analyzer to the PC used by the Analyst.

Two NICs:

1st NIC =96 Monitor Card =96 No IP bound to the card. This card just listens in promiscuous mode. It is the one that is attached to the Monitor Port in the Switch. This should be a 100 Mbs NIC.

2nd NIC =96 Transport Card =96 IP is bound (static) so that this card can be used on the Intranet to access the remote control function of the PC. This can be Gigabit if that is all that is available.

Other :

No Management Software (SMS, Radia, etc.) enabled. No management of this device other than remote control.

Virus Protection (only if it is considered mandatory by company policy). However, this laptop should have no email client or any other software that will want to connect to the Internet (with the possible exception of Time Services). A Firewall rule can always be created to enforce its isolation from the public Internet except on approved sockets.

A Time Server should be in place to keep the various Protocol Analysis Laptops in sync. This can be an Internet source if Company Policy permits or a local Intranet source.

The laptop should not be a member of the Company Domain. One logs into the PC itself, locally or via remote control. All Mirrors in switches are to be bi-directional.

Consider creating a shared folder to act as a Trace File depository. This is not required, but can be helpful as these files can easily grow too large for many corporate email policy size limits.

Use WinZip on the Laptop to allow compression of the large trace files to speed up transfer. Barry Koplowitz founded Interpath Technologies Corporation in 1999. He has been consulting in the IT field since 1984 and has specialized in the area of Network and Application Analysis/Troubleshooting--with various Protocol Analysis Tools--for the last 11 years. He spent 3 years with Network General and NAI traveling around the United States teaching for Sniffer University =AE. Since leaving Sniffer University, he has worked consulting to large enterprise environments up to 120,000 nodes. http://www.interepathtech.com 1-215-822-3244 ]]> Servers: Just What Are They And Why Do We Need Them! http://www.artwoo.com/article/servers-just-what-are-they-and-why-do-we-need-them http://www.artwoo.com/article/servers-just-what-are-they-and-why-do-we-need-them#comments Mon, 20 Nov 2006 16:27:03 +0000 internet protocol addressesip addressip addressesip internetinternet browsersmywebsiteweb page address http://www.artwoo.com/article/servers-just-what-are-they-and-why-do-we-need-them
Servers are what make it possible for you to view what you wish to view on the Internet. At its most basic level, what happens when using servers is that browsers connect to servers, requesting that a Web page be displayed. The servers then send back the pages requested. are what form the connections to Web servers that allow the page to be requested and then received by the end user.

There are three parts to a , better known as a URL. The first part of this URL is called a protocol. The first part of the address is called the protocol. Http is a protocol and stands for Hypertext transit protocol. The next part of the URL tells you the name of the server. In .com" >http://www.myWebSite.com , the server is MyWebSite. The file name is something like web-server.htm, for example.

Browsers communicate with name servers to translate those server names into IP (Internet Protocol) addresses, which is the way they connect to the machine that is acting as the server. Browsers connect by means of ports, all of which are numbered. Port 80, for example, is a common port number.

Every machine has its own unique IP. These addresses are made up of 32 bits, and are usually expressed in four groupings in a dotted decimal number. These groupings are known as octets. An example of an written as an octet is 327.38.72.248 .

Servers have that are static and seldom change. A home computer getting online through its modem often has an IP address that the ISP assigns when the machine gets online. The IP address is unique only for that session, so it can change each time the user uses it to get online. This is more efficient for the ISP, as it only needs to have one address for each machine that has dialed in, rather than saving a particular IP for each machine.

After the HTTP protocol, the browser sends a request to the server, called a GET request, which asks for the file. A GET request can also send cookies from browsers to servers. The next step is when the server sends the HTML text for that requested Internet page back to the browser. The HTML tags then read by the browser and subsequently format the page onto the user's screen.

The Internet is made up of a huge collection of computers -- millions of them -- that are all linked by one common computer network. This computer network makes it possible for the computers to all talk to each other. A home PC can be linked to this Internet through dial up (a landline telephone carrier's line), through DSL line, or a cable modem. All of these systems communicate with an Internet Service Provider (ISP.)

Generally, organization or business computers are linked to each other by means of a network so that they can share information in-house back and forth. They do this by means of a network interface card. This NIC then connects directly to a local area network (LAN) that is housed within the organization or business. This LAN is then connected to the associated ISP by what is known as a T1 line, a very fast and powerful connection to the servers.

ISPS connect to each other. The largest of these ISPs maintain the backbone of the entire system across the region or perhaps the country. This backbone is fiber optic. Through these fiber optic lines, satellite links or undersea cable, various backbones connect all over the globe. This is the way servers and clients the world over connect all to each other. Robert Michael is a writer for http://nhmxservers.com which is an excellent place to find Server links, resources and articles. For more information go to: Managed Servers ]]> Learning About Voip Solutions - Top Questions And Answers http://www.artwoo.com/article/learning-about-voip-solutions-top-questions-and-answers http://www.artwoo.com/article/learning-about-voip-solutions-top-questions-and-answers#comments Sun, 29 Jul 2007 13:34:58 +0000 voice over internet protocolip telephonyinternet telephonytelephony iptelephony internettelephony voicevoice over internet http://www.artwoo.com/article/learning-about-voip-solutions-top-questions-and-answers IP Telephony or Protocol. These questions that people often ask are heard all over these days, but our answers will help explain much about this new phase of keeping in touch with others.

What exactly is IP telephony?

IP telephony is a term that refers to VOIP technology or Voice over Internet Protocol. It is essentially the routing of voice conversations over a network, such as the internet, or any IP based interface. IP telephony, , Voice over Internet Protocol, VOIP, Broadband telephony, Broadband phone, and Voice over Broadband are all terms that relatively refer to this in the same way. If someone mentions any of those terms, they are likely referring to the notion of IP telephony. It is a growing aspect to communications, too, and many people are starting to use it in their homes to help with their communications aspects.

Where did IP telephony come from?

IP telephony is a commercial evolution of the 1973 project called "Network Voice Protocol". Network Voice Protocol was a computer networking project that was used to transport human speech patterns over communications networks. It was developed by internet researcher Danny Cohen of the Information Sciences Institute and was created to demonstrate that it was possible to develop a feasible blueprint for two-way voice communications over a digital network. The Network Voice Protocol project was used to send speech between sites on the Advanced Research Projects Agency Network or ARPANET. ARPANET is a United States Department of Defense project designed to produce a global network. It also became an ancestor of the internet.

Isn't a VOIP user "handcuffed" to an internet connection if they want to use the phone?

Certainly a drawback to the VOIP system is its reliance on internet connection. This reliance on an entirely separate service can make using VOIP telephony equipment seem to be quite complicated, at times. The quality of the connection through the VOIP system is also very reliant on the quality of the internet connection, lending to a distinct relationship between the internet connection and the phone connection that many users regret. VOIP systems can, however, use conventional phone connections for connectivity and can use other business grade network systems like a T1 connection in some cases. Many business providers, in fact, only hook the system up to a T1 connection to enable permanent connection to their network.

Just how reliable is IP telephony, anyway?

As conventional landline phones are connected to telephone company phone lines, they may actually be kept going in the event of power outages or other occurrences that may interrupt the service. Most household VOIP broadband services, however, rely on a modem connection or other powered services to make the phone work. In these cases, a VOIP phone may not be the most reliable service you can have. On the other hand, there are many options you can take to create a more reliable service for your phone so that it will not be interrupted by power outage or other issues.

What are some major VOIP or IP telephony providers?

There are many providers that are hopping aboard the VOIP bandwagon. Commercial use VOIP providers include Broadvoice, Primus Canada, ATandT CallVantage, Skype, SunRocket, Lingo, VoicePulse, http://VOIP.com, Vonage, and even Yahoo Messenger. Many of these services also have a phone package for home users that enable the same great service to take place within a home setting for Voice over Internet Protocol telephony. Are you looking for VOIP Solutions? Learn more about VOIP Services at http://voipsolutions.justfolks.net ]]> Interpath Technologies Transactional Analysis Methodology For It Troubleshooting http://www.artwoo.com/article/interpath-technologies-transactional-analysis-methodology-for-it-troubleshooting http://www.artwoo.com/article/interpath-technologies-transactional-analysis-methodology-for-it-troubleshooting#comments Sat, 29 Dec 2007 03:15:02 +0000 protocol analysis toolsnetwork performance analystosi model layersnetwork performance analysissubject matter expertslucent technologiesanalysis methodology http://www.artwoo.com/article/interpath-technologies-transactional-analysis-methodology-for-it-troubleshooting Analysis methodology.

We have helped companies like IBM, ING-Direct and find Resolution for under-performing networks and applications.

Application and requires , =97 Sniffer =AE, Ethereal =AE WireShark =AE. However, it adds advanced methodical troubleshooting processes to--standard Protocol Analysis techniques.

Application and Network performance Analysis addresses gathering and interpreting information required for diagnosing and troubleshooting network and application performance problems.

An Application or Network may under-perform for years =97 Application users and components in different geographical locations =97 Application possibly multi-tiered.

Different IT departments convinced that the problem is not in their area. "Sniffing" skills alone--are inadequate.

Application and Network performance Analysis encompasses--all aspects of enterprise networking.

Application and needs skills in interviewing, writing and diplomacy.

Interpath means flow of communication between all transaction components =97 Users, Servers, Switches, Routers, Operating Systems, Security devices, Database Protocol =97 anything involved in executing a network or application transaction. Trouble can be anywhere along an Interpath.

Troubleshooting all =97 using tools like Sniffer =AE, Ethereal =AE, WireShark =AE =97 technical interviews with client and more=97 Interpath Technologies maps -- how the application moves =97 between all its components =97 simultaneously. That is Interpath. Troubleshooting network and application performance is a process, not a tool.

Clear, technical documentation is critical to success.

Interpath Technologies presents results in technical and non-technical formats =97 including protocol analyzer screen shots, spreadsheets, drawings, narratives =97 explaining causes of application or network issues.

We provide the platform for all IT teams to agree upon a process of resolution. Our deliverable is factual and incontestable.

Leadership =97 guidance =97 project management =97 diplomacy =97 have been key components of our success =97 as well as protocol analysis skills. We coordinate our clients' EngineeringTeams around the world =97 with our Analysts as focal points and primary diagnosticians.

Server Consolidation or Virtualization frequently creates unexpected results =97 servers come together =97 but move away from users or other components.

We diagnose global network application issues. We often work through bridgecalls, WebEx =AE or other remote media =97 enabling us to work with distributed teams simultaneously regardless of location. We provide on-site Network and Application Performance Analysts as needed.

Many client's have distributed versions of Sniffer =AE, Ethereal =AE, WireShark =AE, or other Protocol Analysis tools in place. If not, we can provide them =97 or build them from Open=96Source protocol analysis software. Engineers go to training classes to learn troubleshooting or Application Performance Tuning Techniques =97 receive 5 to 20 days of intense instruction =97 covering only a fraction of what is required =96 go back to their companies to solve serious problems =96 and often fail.

Tools like WireShark =AE, Ethereal =AE and Sniffer =AE were not to blame =97 you can't become a Network and Application Performance Analyst in a few weeks. In addition to learning the prerequisite protocol analysis skills or tools like Sniffer =AE, Ethereal =AE WireShark=AE =97 many years of training, practice and experience are needed to learn how to map an Interpath--and create solid testing.

Learning how to handle power tools doesn't teach you how to build a house. WireShark =AE, Ethereal =AE Sniffer =AE are power tools.

Training in these tools is important =97 yet inadequate for troubleshooting an enterprise network or application. Learning the OSI model and network protocol tools doesn't teach you to be a Protocol Analyst or Network and Application Performance Analyst.

Troubleshooting is a science--an art and a field of expertise--not a tool.

Copyright =A9 1999-2007 Interpath Technologies Corporation Barry Koplowitz founded Interpath Technologies Corporation in 1999. He has been consulting in the IT field since 1984 and has specialized in the area of Network and Application Analysis/Troubleshooting--with various Protocol Analysis Tools--for the last 11 years. He spent 3 years with Network General and NAI traveling around the United States teaching for Sniffer University =AE. Since leaving Sniffer University, he has worked consulting to large enterprise environments up to 120,000 nodes. http://www.interpathtech.com ]]> Wireless Networking: The Cutting Edge Of Technology, Part 1 http://www.artwoo.com/article/wireless-networking-the-cutting-edge-of-technology-part-1 http://www.artwoo.com/article/wireless-networking-the-cutting-edge-of-technology-part-1#comments Mon, 05 Feb 2007 04:27:04 +0000 wireless routerswireless networkswireless networkingfaux paswireless protocolfunctionalitycomputer setup http://www.artwoo.com/article/wireless-networking-the-cutting-edge-of-technology-part-1 Wireless networking has allowed almost anyone to use many different devices in a way that not too long ago was unheard of. The most exciting thing about wireless networking is that the development of new technologies is only just beginning.



A new , 802.11N, should be released later this year, which will allow to connect over longer distances, and at faster speeds. With this new advancement companies will be able to allow all of their users to connect to the network wirelessly. This new protocol, coupled with recent advancements in secure connections to wireless networks, will allow businesses to perform tasks wirelessly that they have never been able to do before. Companies utilizing this new protocol will also be able to save quite a bit of money trying to hard wire their offices, by using less to do the same task that wired routers did in the past.



Wireless networks have become a very important part of many businesses, because you can construct a wireless network that is separate from your main network that only allows visitors access to the internet and not to any of your precious information. This will also allow you to setup places for visitors to connect to the internet that do not require a desk to be setup or a dedicated for their access. Instead you can utilize a sitting area and a laptop to achieve the same , without the security risks of someone connecting directly into your network. Many of the reasons why wireless networks were a in the past have been addressed and now wireless networks are looked at more and more as a viable alternative to a hard wired network. The best thing about wireless networks is that many new technologies are being released every year that extend the functionality and availability of this fascinating new technology. UK Broadband Supplier: http://www.broadbandsuppliers.co.uk/ Wireless Broadband Modems: http://www.broadbandsuppliers.co.uk/broadband-modems-routers.html UK Broadband Deals: http://www.broadbandsuppliers.co.uk/uk-isp ]]> Wireless Networking: The Cutting Edge Of Technology, Part 1 http://www.artwoo.com/article/wireless-networking-the-cutting-edge-of-technology-part-1 http://www.artwoo.com/article/wireless-networking-the-cutting-edge-of-technology-part-1#comments Sat, 14 Jul 2007 10:20:00 +0000 wireless networkswireless routersfaux paswireless networkingwireless protocolnetwork wirelesslynew technologies http://www.artwoo.com/article/wireless-networking-the-cutting-edge-of-technology-part-1 Wireless networking has allowed almost anyone to use many different devices in a way that not too long ago was unheard of. The most exciting thing about wireless networking is that the development of is only just beginning.



A new , 802.11N, should be released later this year, which will allow to connect over longer distances, and at faster speeds. With this new advancement companies will be able to allow all of their users to connect to the . This new protocol, coupled with recent advancements in secure connections to wireless networks, will allow businesses to perform tasks wirelessly that they have never been able to do before. Companies utilizing this new protocol will also be able to save quite a bit of money trying to hard wire their offices, by using less to do the same task that wired routers did in the past.



Wireless networks have become a very important part of many businesses, because you can construct a wireless network that is separate from your main network that only allows visitors access to the internet and not to any of your precious information. This will also allow you to setup places for visitors to connect to the internet that do not require a desk to be setup or a dedicated computer setup for their access. Instead you can utilize a sitting area and a laptop to achieve the same functionality, without the security risks of someone connecting directly into your network. Many of the reasons why wireless networks were a in the past have been addressed and now wireless networks are looked at more and more as a viable alternative to a hard wired network. The best thing about wireless networks is that many new technologies are being released every year that extend the functionality and availability of this fascinating new technology. UK Broadband Supplier: http://www.broadbandsuppliers.co.uk/ Wireless Broadband Modems: http://www.broadbandsuppliers.co.uk/broadband-modems-routers.html UK Broadband Deals: http://www.broadbandsuppliers.co.uk/uk-isp ]]> The Evil Packet Sniffer http://www.artwoo.com/article/the-evil-packet-sniffer http://www.artwoo.com/article/the-evil-packet-sniffer#comments Sun, 03 Dec 2006 20:27:06 +0000 tcp snifferemail protocolquotentire networkpacket snifferspromiscuous modeftp protocol http://www.artwoo.com/article/the-evil-packet-sniffer quot;Packet Snifferandquot; is a utility that sniffs without modifying the network's packets in any way.

By comparison, a firewall sees all of a computer's packet traffic as well, but it has the ability to block and drop any packets that its programming dictates. merely watch, display, and log this traffic.

One disturbingly powerful aspect of packet sniffers is their ability to place the hosting machine's network adapter into andquot;.andquot; Network adapters running in promiscuous mode receive not only the data directed to the machine hosting the sniffing software, but also ALL of the traffic on the physically connected local network.

In order to view an session you will have to reassemble the packets back into sessions.

To do so you will have to know deeply IP and TCP protocols.

Reassembling the packets is not an easy task because some packets are lost on the way and the others do not come at the right order, but once you do that you are capable to andquot;readandquot; the entire network.

After you have learnt to reassemble packets you will have the ability to develop several andquot;evilandquot; components:

1. One thing you can do is to read the outgoing and/or incoming emails. The is called SMTP and is sent via PORT 25.

2. Do not forget the ( PORT 21 ), it might come in handy.

3. Monitor the HTTP protocol ( port 80 ) which is the World Wide Web. By doing so you will know which websites have been visited, files that have been uploaded to the web or downloaded from the web, text that was sent and so on.

While those things are considered inappropriate and your colleagues will probably not like it, sometimes it is needed for security reasons.

If you are a programmer and you want to start exploring the subject then I suggest you start with my free basic which is available for download here:

http://www.noviway.com/Code/Basic-TCP-Sniffer.aspx

Good luck and happy sniffing! Eran Aharonovich http://www.Noviway.com http://www.RTGate.com ]]> Voice Over IP (VoIP) Explained http://www.artwoo.com/article/voice-over-ip-voip-explained http://www.artwoo.com/article/voice-over-ip-voip-explained#comments Thu, 20 Apr 2006 16:50:04 +0000 tcp ipcircuit switched networksvoice over ipmailswitchboardvoippost office http://www.artwoo.com/article/voice-over-ip-voip-explained Voice over IP, or had become a buzzword in the past few years because it represents a more cost effective model for transmitting voice conversations than the old . The existing telephone infrastructure consists of physical wires connecting circuit switches in which one telephone caller is connected directly to another through a switched network. This of the old operators in days of old, automated on a large scale.

The existing Internet infrastructure is far different than the circuit switched networks that carry most voice calls. The Internet carries packets of digital information data. These packets are switched and routed through the Internet from one destination to another.

The protocol that governs the Internet is called TCP/IP. It was born out of UNIX and became the de facto standard of Internet communications. Because of the ubiquitous nature of TCP/IP, it represents the obvious choice for use in digital voice communications. Since it using IP -- the Internet Protocol, voice over IP is generally referred to as VoIP.

In the Internet world, pieces of data called IP packets are passed around. A good analogy for this is the . Each packet contains its destination, and the routers and switchers in the network forward the packets like sorters in the post office. A package at the post office will typically go from one postal sorting center to another, before arriving at the destination post office to be put on the appropriate trucks. Packets move around the Internet in the same way.

In VoIP, special receivers known as codecs compress and decompress digital data into the audio we here through a telephone handset. When you speak into a VoIP phone, the phone compresses your voice into digital data, which is then sent out over an IP network as a series of packets. The receiving end receives those packets, and reforms them into audio through the handset of the person you are speaking to.

In order for VoIP to work successfully, standards are necessary so that one phone can talk to another. The standard protocol used in VoIP today is SIP, or Session Initiation Protocol. This protocol contains a number of compression and communications standards and algorithms that VoIP phones must support. For years, SIP was in a battle with proprietary protocols like Cisco Skinny, and other standards like H.323 which is the dominant standard in IP videoconferencing. But ultimately SIP has prevailed.

Because the nature of VoIP is different than circuit switched networks, VoIP comes with a new set of issues. The most serious concern is latency. Latency is the amount of time it takes between when you say something, and when it is heard on the other end. If the network is too slow or busy, and the packets don't arrive on time or in order, the conversation will fall apart. Studies show that people find latencies exceeding .25 seconds to be too frustrating to use. Because of this, quality of service (QoS) is an essential portion of a VoIP network, as it guarantees that packets will be delivered with minimal interruption.

Because of the cost advantages of VoIP, it will be commonplace before too long. Don't be surprised when old phones go the way of vinyl records. Rex Ryan is a telecommunications engineer and runs the website: http://voipfacts.info ]]> All About The Invalid Domain Name http://www.artwoo.com/article/all-about-the-invalid-domain-name http://www.artwoo.com/article/all-about-the-invalid-domain-name#comments Sun, 09 Jul 2006 22:28:16 +0000 invalid domain namedomain namesdns domain namemail transportdns hosthyphenhost name http://www.artwoo.com/article/all-about-the-invalid-domain-name Invalid domain name is one of the common cases that happened under the domain name arena. Many machines have often noted some invalid and that some errors on the domain name operation often surfaced.

Speaking of the invalid domain names, many resources have noted that if an invalid domain name is detected, you will eventually receive a message indicating the errors. These invalid domain name messages therefore play a somewhat important role in the place of the invalid domain names.

Some of the conditions that cause the emergence of the invalid domain name messages are greatly stated in most resources and one of those is when the Domain Name Service or name or the specified in the Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol or TCP/IP properties contains invalid characters, which then makes an invalid domain name.

Also noted is when there is a particular problem with the internet service provider's Simple Protocol server. This mentioned thing is said to be a server that is applied for outgoing mails. And another reason for invalid domain name message is the situation when there are invalid characters or spaces in the Computer Name box.

Outside of these grounds for invalid domain names messages, there are certain resolutions that most of the experts recommends for such dilemma. So, it is considered that if the main reason for the invalid domain name message is the DNS host or domain name contains invalid characters, it is important to you check that the DNS and the DNS domain name contain contains only valid characters. For particular mention, so to prevent the invalid domain name message, is to know that the valid characters for the DNS host name and the DNS domain name are letters A-Z, numerals 0-9, and the . However, there are also some instances that the period contributes a part for preventing an invalid domain name message since this is also used as a separator. In verifying the domain name system, many things or steps are involved and most of those are greatly technical.

However, if the cause of the emergence of the invalid domain name message is that there is certain problem with the SMTP Server, it is important that you wait for a moment of time, and then try to send the message again. And if you still receive the invalid domain name message, it is a right move to better contact your Internet service provider or ISP.

Such are just a few of the principles the surround the case for invalid domain names. So if you are really interested to know everything about it, you better try searching some resources that provide some of the technical procedures. Check Out the Incredible New Software That Lets You Run A Money-Making Membership Site, On 100% Autopilot! Go to http://www.membershipmanager21.com Active hyperlink must remain intact with use of article. ]]> Climate Change -- What's All That About? http://www.artwoo.com/article/climate-change-whats-all-that-about http://www.artwoo.com/article/climate-change-whats-all-that-about#comments Thu, 01 Jun 2006 15:32:04 +0000 climate change conferencescarbon dioxide emissionsatmosphere trapsearthunfortunatelykyoto protocolcar ownership http://www.artwoo.com/article/climate-change-whats-all-that-about atmosphere traps some of the Sun's energy, warming the enough to support life as we know it!

When humans cut down trees or burn fossil fuels, they release extra carbon into the atmosphere, increasing the greenhouse effect. Mass deforestation around the world at an unprecedented rate is making the problem worse year by year.

, due to this climate change the earth is getting warmer as temperatures at the Earth's surface have increased by an estimated 1.4F (0.8C) between 1900 and 2005. The past decade was the hottest of the past 150 years and perhaps the past millennium. The hottest 22 years on record have occurred since 1980, and 2005 was the hottest on record.

The on cutting , believed to be the key cause of global warming, expires in 2012 and does not require major developing nations to make reductions. In addition, the US has rejected it. Increasing car usage around the world is leading to carbon dioxide emissions increasing not decreasing. As incomes rise in India and China, they are obviously looking at as a status symbol and the benefits that it brings. With nearly 2.5 billion between these 2 countries, this increased car ownership could cancel out any gains made in the West through reducing factory and car emissions.

Scientists and those in the know predict that climate-induced floods, rising sea levels, more frequent and intense hurricanes, famine, drought and conflict could also reverse recent gains in reducing poverty around the world and that the USA and UK will be affected by all or some of the above.

Climate change presents a significant challenge to the UK and to the international community. Recent in Montreal and the G8 and the Gleneagles Summit have attempted to co-ordinate the international response to climate change.

There are also enormous opportunities if we are willing to take action. Government, business and individuals all have a part to play, and all of us will benefit from rising to the challenge of reducing the harm to the environment.

While some of the effects of climate change may be positive, such as longer growing seasons in certain countries and longer, hotter summers in the UK. These positive impacts are unlikely to be sustained as the globe continues to warm. Similarly, many developing countries are even more vulnerable to the adverse impacts of climate change and less able to adapt due to lack of money and will power. David Oglaza is the founder of the Green and Ethical business http://www.guidemegreen.com . This growing green resource lists 100s of Organic, Fairtrade, Eco and Ethical companies. We even have Green jobs and a Green Forum! ]]>