espresso roast http://www.artwoo.com Returned search results for espresso roast Copyright 2008 Mon, 01 Dec 2008 09:23:10 +0000 http://www.artwoo.com/rss/espresso+roast How To Choose A Coffee Maker http://www.artwoo.com/article/how-to-choose-a-coffee-maker http://www.artwoo.com/article/how-to-choose-a-coffee-maker#comments Fri, 21 Jul 2006 08:27:18 +0000 home coffee roasterscoffee makercoffee beancup of coffeeespresso coffee makerscarafe coffee makersespresso roast http://www.artwoo.com/article/how-to-choose-a-coffee-maker coffee makers today? Have you seen what they can do? I don't think it will be long before they are able to bring you your in bed!

There are the very popular filter machines, French press and stovetop . There are glass , thermal carafe coffee makers, some industrial sizes with two pots that brew at the same time. If you are into espresso did you know that there are three different types of espresso makers to choose from? Steam, pump or piston. How about the coffee maker that makes you one individual cup of coffee?

Then, to complicate it even more there is the decision of what you want the coffee maker to do other than brew coffee!!! Do you want your coffee maker to have a pause so that you can pull the pot out for your first cup before it is finished brewing? Or, do you want your coffee maker to have the coffee ready for you when you get up? Do you want to be able to grind your own beans? If yes, do you want a separate grinder or do you want one that is built right into the coffee maker? If you say yes, do you want your coffee maker to figure out just the right amount of ground coffee for the amount of water you choose? How about the strength of coffee? There are machines that let you choose how strong they brew your coffee. Some have built in water filters. Some have auto turn offs. Some allow you to use a permanent filter rather than deal with messy paper filters.

If you head isn't spinning enough now comes the toughest decision of all... what type of coffee do you want? Do you prefer a light roast or a medium roast or a dark roast? How about an Italian or - the heaviest of all roasts. Have you thought about roasting your own beans? There are many sources of green beans available and can easily be purchased and you can be well on your way to not only brewing your coffee, but roasting your beans. To learn more about coffee makers please visit http://www.coffee-makers-advisor.info ]]> The Perfect Coffee Is Here http://www.artwoo.com/article/the-perfect-coffee-is-here http://www.artwoo.com/article/the-perfect-coffee-is-here#comments Tue, 20 Mar 2007 21:40:00 +0000 green coffee beansdark roast coffeecoffee beancoffee roastercoffee roastingcoffee grinderlight roast http://www.artwoo.com/article/the-perfect-coffee-is-here coffee grinder, and now you have to roast your coffee.

Roasting and grinding your own coffee will give you a perfect cup, and it is not as hard as it sounds. There are many kinds of roasters, but something simple as a frying pan or popcorn popper would work. The most important quality is that whatever you use is very clean. You do not want to spoil the taste of your coffee with oils or foods that were cooked before.

Start with very good beans, and then decide which type of coffee you want. A will have less caffeine than coffee, but the lighter roasts usually have a bitter taste. You need to roast your beans to a temperature between 460F (223C) and 530F (262C). At these temperatures, you will create some smoke, so put your ventilator on, or have a small fan running. You will also want to open all of your windows to get rid of some of the smells. In addition, since the smoke and heat may set off your fire and smoke alarms, you may want to disconnect them. Just remember to put them back on when you are done.

If you are using a , there may be a temperature gage built in, but if you are using something else, you will need a candy making thermometer to make sure you reach the right temperature. As you are roasting you will see the s turn yellow, then brown. If you like a dark roast, you will leave the beans a bit longer.

The moisture in the bean will be released as the heat increases, and you will start to hear cracks after about 5-7 minutes. Keep stirring so that the heat is evenly spread and you roast all of the beans in turn.

Now the sugars inside the coffee bean will start to caramelize as they brown and even burn slightly. Check the color to make sure you get the darkness of roast you want. If some of the beans are starting to crack for a second time, you probably should stop roasting; this degree of dark roast is too strong for most people.

Now you will pour the beans into a metal container till they are cool and then start to shake them. Roasting the bean has removed some of the chaff, and you will now want to separate that away by putting it through a mesh screen.

You can try small batches at a time until you find the exact degree of roasting that suits your taste. If you are using the popcorn popper to roast your beans, be sure it is one that is not enclosed. You want to be able to see the beans and agitate them so they are roasting evenly. If you use a pan, a cast iron one works very well.

Now you are ready to make your gourmet espresso, with your own ground and roasted coffee beans. Clinton Maxwell frequently makes web pages on information much like and cappuccino. Through his writings (for instance http://www.coffee-espresso-maker-tips.com/coffee-grinder.html on coffee grinder ) he improved his know-how in the area. ]]> How To Make An Espresso? http://www.artwoo.com/article/how-to-make-an-espresso http://www.artwoo.com/article/how-to-make-an-espresso#comments Wed, 29 Nov 2006 22:27:20 +0000 espresso coffeeespresso machinequality espressocoffee drinkscoffee lovercoffee loversground coffee http://www.artwoo.com/article/how-to-make-an-espresso Coffee drinks are the taste of many tongues. Indeed s need coffee anywhere and everywhere-- whether at home or at work or for that matter when out for shopping. And espresso is among the best flavors of coffees. The credit for their popularity goes much to their easy availability. Yes, the cup of espresso is easy-to-make (via ) and too-delicious-to-drink. You can have your favorite sip at a local coffee house. But if you want a unique flavor, make it yourself. So, wanna learn how to make an espresso? It is too simple, just read on to learn!

Literally "espresso" is an extraction of coffee with high pressure from a special espresso machine. You might need some special instructions if your type of espresso machine is different from the other types of machines. But, the basics of making an are indeed the same.

Some foolproof instructions to go about

First of all, get a good machine. In case, you are a "real" coffee lover, look for the best espresso machine available in the market. One feature to get in a quality espresso machine is to be sure that it has built-in grinder. I presume you know that the finest grind of beans is the key to make a good coffee.

Take cold and clear water and pour it in your machine's water chamber. You should make it sure that the boiler cap is secure. Give one shot of espresso that is a propos one ounce. To give a double shot, you should give two ounces. In few machines you can also give as much as four shots in one go.

Then, place the basket of coffee in filter holder. You can place a little pack in . The filter has a measure for the amount of espresso you are preparing.

Brush off the grounds if any on the top or sides of the filter. Place the filter holder inside the espresso machine.

Keep the present glass carafe of your machine under the spout. You should then turn on the machine. The espresso machine will make the water warm to a proper temperature. Force the water up to the coffee grounds. You can use a cup, if the machine you have doesn't have a carafe.

The brewing of your espresso should take just 15 or 20 seconds. As the coffee starts flowing in the cup, the foam starts forming on the top. The foam has a brown color and is known as Crema. As the foam takes an almost white color, your best tasting liquid is not flowing any longer. It is time to stop now. Remove the cup immediately. Your hot cup of espresso coffee is now in your hands.

A few tips to get the best results

Select and roast the beans particularly for espresso. The beans are available on most of the coffee specialty shops or grocery stores.

To get the best espresso, better buy an espresso grinder. When grinding the beans for espresso, make it sure your grinding machine is efficient enough to give a fine grind.

Use filtered water or bottled spring water. Do not use your tap water if it is hard. Author: June Mala © 2006 http://www.keob.com ]]> Making A Perfect Cup Of Espresso Coffee http://www.artwoo.com/article/making-a-perfect-cup-of-espresso-coffee http://www.artwoo.com/article/making-a-perfect-cup-of-espresso-coffee#comments Sat, 25 Aug 2007 21:15:00 +0000 ground coffeecoffee beanespressostale waterbladesecret recipepersonal secret http://www.artwoo.com/article/making-a-perfect-cup-of-espresso-coffee Espresso, each and every professional coffee maker, such as Barista, will have their personal . In this article I will show my recipe on how to make a delightful cup of Espresso.

The first most important ingredient of Espresso is water. In espresso you can only use fresh hot water. The water should ideally be around 203F (95C) that is nearly boiling. Water often becomes stale due to the presence of mildew, pure cleaning methods and inadequate filtering. If you use then no matter how good the quality of the , it will not be able to overcome the association of poor water.

The next ingredient is coffee. While making Espresso you should choose Arabica. It doesn't matter whether it has been grown in Brazil or Bogot=E1 or elsewhere. The bean should have been grown above 915m and should be delivered all fresh for roasting. You can either elf roast it or but it a few days after but your coffee should essentially have the 'fresh food' smell in it.

You can also use Robusta beans as they are easier to grow and more disease resistant. However, this bean has more caffeine and fewer flavors so it is best used for those quick pick-me-up drinks and not for Espresso.

After that you have to finely ground the beans in a burr. Do not use the attachment of the blender as the blade often chops the beans and does not grind them. In the burr attachment the beans are ground between two pyramids shaped teeth on two plates. Ideally, your should be like the dark Viennese or French. This name often refers to color of the ground coffee and not to where it's grown.

The distance between the two plates often determines the fineness of the granules. The ground coffee should be sand grain sized. It should not be too finely ground or should not be like the shape of small gravel. You should also remember to not to leave the coffee exposed to air, mainly because just like other foods, coffee also oxidizes and absorbs odors from the air. This may often ruin your perfect cup of Espresso coffee.

Since you know the basic ingredients, you can proceed to the next stage of Espresso making.

The first thing that you should do is pre-warm the equipment. All you have to do is turn the espresso maker on, run it through good water and let it heat. When the water is warm enough, you can run a cup through without any coffee in it. This will help to warm the equipment and flush out any particles present in it.

Now, you have to add your ground roast. Just as in tobacco, remember to pack it down slightly. You should feel some springiness that you often feel in pipes. You should be careful as to not let the coffee scatter.

After this you firmly place a hopper inside the machine and a warmed cup of espresso at the outlet of the machine. After you start the machine you should have the perfect thin steady stream of coffee in about five seconds. A double shot would require around twenty seconds.

If you want to make cappuccino then you should warm half cup of organic milk in a microwave for about 90 seconds. Then you should froth it and add it to your Espresso. You can also add different garnishing like cinnamon, chocolate or nutmeg. If you like your coffee sweet then you can add a little bit of organic sugar.

In the end, if you want a great cup of Espresso all you have to do is keep the whole process simple and straight. You should always remember to keep your equipment clean and to start with good quality ingredients. Concentrating on the area of roasting, Robert Carlton works almost entirely for http://www.coffee-espresso-maker-tips.com . You can have a look at his writings over at http://www.coffee-espresso-maker-tips.com/espresso-maker.html and different sources for espresso maker tips. ]]> Beans And Roasts For Your Coffee Makers http://www.artwoo.com/article/beans-and-roasts-for-your-coffee-makers http://www.artwoo.com/article/beans-and-roasts-for-your-coffee-makers#comments Mon, 11 Dec 2006 02:27:39 +0000 coffee plantationscoffee beansarabica beansarabica beansurprisinglyrobustagreen beans http://www.artwoo.com/article/beans-and-roasts-for-your-coffee-makers
So it may astonish you to realise exactly how many different types and origins of coffee there are out there. Some people devote their entire careers to coffee tasting to find the perfect mix of beans to create just the right taste. These professional tasters are called cuppers and really know their coffee.

Centered on the equator, a band twenty five degrees to the north and south houses the seventy countries where are grown. From South America and the Caribbean, to Africa and the Middle East, this strip around the centre of the globe provides just the right conditions for to thrive. Each country, and sometimes each area within the same country, produces beans with their own special characteristics to produce distinctive flavors.

The two main divisions of coffee beans are Arabica and . Robusta is the more potent of the two, with double the amount of caffeine. The s have more taste and a pleasing fragrance, making them suitable for superior quality blends.

The Arabica bean is split again into two categories. The higher quality Milds, are grown at over three thousand feet, the perfect altitude for coffee growth. Brazils, not a product of Brazil, are grown in larger quantities, at lower altitudes, on the many large plantations of the area.

When seeking the perfect coffee, most people choose ready roasted beans, although it is possible to buy the soft, and roast them yourself. There are a number of categories of roast, from the light or cinnamon roast, which is strong and acidic, to the dark or city roast, a less bitter sweeter category, often used for espresso. In between is the medium or American roast, the standard used for everyday drinking and extremely popular.

Two other varieties of European roast are the full bodied French roast, and the very dark Italian roast, used in speciality espressos. Both of these are dark roasts and so the resulting brews are less acidic and sweeter than your average cup. The longer roasting process allows the sugars in the bean to caramelize and much of the bitter caffeine to burn away.

So next time you reach for a cup of the strong stuff to wake you up in the morning, take a minute to find out what goes into your coffee makers. Maybe consider what you really want in a coffee and spend some time looking for your perfect roast. Johnathan Bakers very often creates detailed articles on areas associated with coffee and coffee making. You can have a look at his work over at http://www.coffee-espresso-maker-tips.com/cappuccino-machines.html and other sources for cappuccino machines knowledge. ]]> Coffee Makers - Doing It Like Professionals http://www.artwoo.com/article/coffee-makers-doing-it-like-professionals http://www.artwoo.com/article/coffee-makers-doing-it-like-professionals#comments Wed, 21 Mar 2007 18:55:59 +0000 coffee beansarabica robustacoffee brewingarabica beansyubanbaristacaffeine http://www.artwoo.com/article/coffee-makers-doing-it-like-professionals coffee beans are judged is the profession of a , a coffee maker. Coffees taste is judge by a cupper, a professional taster. All this expertise is combined to help buyers get the best beans to make the best cup of coffee. However, the barista is the person you see at your coffeehouses. They note every comment, good and bad, to judge the failure or success produced by cappuccino machines and other methods.

About 70 countries grow coffee beans in a band from the Equator to about 25 north or 25 south. Plantations are found in Africa, the Middle East, South America, the Caribbean and even Hawaii. It is the barista's job to decide which region supplies the best beans as influenced by their customers.

Due to varied climates, altitudes, machinery and techniques, each country's beans have different qualities. Each plantation will also have individual variants of the two main types of beans, robusta and arabica. Robusta is the bean of choice due to lower levels. It is used for the best coffees, supplying better flavor and aroma.

are best grown at above 3000ft. Brazilian arabica beans are less preferred, being grown at lower levels. Ultimately, the final decision is down to if you are roasting your own beans or getting pre-roasted beans. Green beans normally smell like vegetables and are soft. Choose them if you are doing your own roasting. If you want roasted beans, the varieties are seemingly endless.

Roasted beans come in many flavors. Cinnamon or light beans refer to the color only. They are very acidic and very high in caffeine. American roast or medium is fractionally darker and used by Folger and , but not the best quality. City roast or dark is a specialty item with less caffeine and the taste is acidic, but the final cup is not so bitter. It is an average type espresso. French roast is very dark and oily in appearance, but not burnt. They give a full-bodied flavor. Italian roast is used for the best espresso drinks. It is the darkest colour, a strong aroma, the least amount of acid, has the lowest caffeine and is much sweeter. This sweetness results from the carmelization of the beans' sugars during roasting. The lower caffeine levels result from being burned away during roasting. The result is a mellow cup of coffee.

Therefore, when you go coffee bean shopping you can play the amateur barista. You have the basic knowledge, but without the long line-ups of customers and a store full of machines. Focusing on news and information about coffee, Johnathan Bakers published normally for http://www.coffee-espresso-maker-tips.com .. You can learn about his articles over at http://www.coffee-espresso-maker-tips.com/cappuccino-machines.html and many different sources for cappuccino machines news. ]]> How to Find the Best Espresso Machine http://www.artwoo.com/article/how-to-find-the-best-espresso-machine http://www.artwoo.com/article/how-to-find-the-best-espresso-machine#comments Tue, 21 Oct 2008 08:36:37 +0000 http://www.artwoo.com/article/how-to-find-the-best-espresso-machine Are you a regular morning drinker of Starbucks or any other espresso? There's a huge amount of people out there who spend thousands on daily espresso shots when simply purchasing an espresso machine will pay for itself many times over in just a few weeks. But what makes a top of the range espresso machine? There are many elements involved in determining the best espresso machine and when you put those elements together you should not only get something that can deliver the perfect shot of espresso but also looks great in your kitchen. The first thing you need to do is set a realistic budget before you even start comparing espresso machines and features. $500 to $1,000 is a realistic budget for the best espresso machine. Before you hit the floor in shock at those figures sit down and do an honest evaluation of how much you really spend each year on espresso from your local coffee shop.

See? If we say an average espresso from a shop is around $3, then you'll have paid off your machine within 6 months if you stop buying from shops and use your machine. It makes a ton of sense to seriously look at purchasing your very own espresso machine.

When you finally figure out that what you really want in life is a good espresso machine, you are most likely going to want to take a good look around to find the right one for you. These babies aren't cheap so plan and do your research ahead of time so you know exactly what you are looking for.

Making the right espresso, however, is a combination of science and art. A certain flair is desirable when making this characterful beverage. Making espresso does require a certain amount of talent.

Because of the value attached to the best espresso machine it only makes sense that your espresso machine should reflect not only its value but the savings it represents for years to come. Make sure your best espresso machine is something that you are proud to have and display in front of visitors and friends. The best espresso machine is something that makes a statement about you before you even start brewing the coffee.

Consistency Is Best

Cheaper espresso machines will often use a steam method to make espresso and this can be inconsistent and sometimes pretty terrible. When you are shopping for the best espresso machine always consider machines, and manufacturers, known for their ability to always produce the best shot of espresso possible and for their consistency. It's probably best to avoid inconsistent machines, unless of course they are beautifully designed and you're buying it with looks in mind. Also consider whether or not the espresso machine creates a creamy top to the espresso. Above all, enjoy shopping for your best espresso machine because it may be the only one you ever have to buy. And just think of those lifetime coffee shop savings!Elizabeth T James is a freelance journalist and health and nutrition enthusiast. For more tips on buying an espresso machine go to Espresso Machine Advisor]]> Make The Perfect Espresso http://www.artwoo.com/article/make-the-perfect-espresso http://www.artwoo.com/article/make-the-perfect-espresso#comments Tue, 30 Jan 2007 10:27:06 +0000 espresso makerespresso roastscoffee grindscoffee loversarabicaburr grinderoptimum temperature http://www.artwoo.com/article/make-the-perfect-espresso coffee lovers the world over will have different ideas on how to make the perfect espresso, but the following method should produce a good quality cup.

The importance of good water should not be underestimated in making the ideal espresso. The water should be fresh, and should not have been left standing. It should be clean, so filter where necessary. The is just off the boil, at around two hundred and three degrees Fahrenheit.

Choose your coffee carefully. Pick an over the more common Robusta, which has more caffeine and less taste. An Arabica is a superior bean, and the best types are grown at an altitude of over three thousand feet. Unless you are going the whole hog and roasting the beans yourself, you should ensure you have fresh beans roasted in the past few days. You will be able to identify fresh beans from the smell.



When selecting your roast, it should be a dark, sweet one, such as French, Viennese or Italian. As you can see, the Europeans have the edge when it comes to good .



The beans should be ground in a , which has cone shaped teeth on two plates, between which the beans are ground.

The space between the plates determines how finely ground the coffee is, a sand-like consistency is ideal.



Try to ensure minimum exposure to the air as oxidation of the coffee reduces the quality and taste. The coffee may also absorb odors from the air which will give it a peculiar aroma and flavor.

A high quality and clean is an advantage in making that perfect brew so it is worth investing in a good one that can easily be washed after use.

Once you have the ingredients together the espresso production process is simple. Switch on your espresso maker and run a cup of clean water through the machine, without coffee, just to warm it and ensure the system is dust free.



Add , and compress them slightly, as you might tobacco in a pipe, until they are just springy. Place the hopper securely into the espresso maker and start the process. Your perfect espresso should arrive a few seconds later.



For those that find straight espresso a little too much, you can combine a double shot with warmed and whisked organic milk to produce a cappuccino or latte. This can be topped with chocolate, nutmeg or cinnamon depending on your taste. Robert Carlton continually produces news on areas associated to roasting and cappuccino. Recording his experience in detailed writings (e.g. http://www.coffee-espresso-maker-tips.com/espresso-maker.html on espresso maker ) he improved his expertise in the field. ]]> The Right Espresso From The Right Machine http://www.artwoo.com/article/the-right-espresso-from-the-right-machine http://www.artwoo.com/article/the-right-espresso-from-the-right-machine#comments Tue, 08 Apr 2008 21:14:58 +0000 coffee espresso makermoka grinderbest espresso machinesespresso machinecoffee housescheck valveright choice http://www.artwoo.com/article/the-right-espresso-from-the-right-machine espresso machine

When you are in the market for an espresso machine you need to know which are the most important features to make the . Since almost every manufacturer has more than one make and model you need to be a saavy consumer. see what other houses are using when picking out their espresso machines or use their knowledge to pick the best. Sometimes even the most sophisticated coffee consumer might need some help in picking out the on the market. Read on to learn how to buy one for your kitchen.



You know you have found a good espresso machine if it has a built-in grinder. A grind dial is usually present as well so that you know you are getting the right kind of grind. You need to calibrate your grinder and your new machine if you don't have a built-in grinder. Some grinder machines are set to a which could be too coarse for your espresso machine. You might need to experiment with the right grind after a few shots of espresso. The right one should be about 2 ounces of espresso in 27 seconds from a double basket.

A good espresso machine should be able to take grinds that are of more than one thickness. You can tell if a machine is good because the grinds won't become stuffed up or jammed if they are on the coarse side. The best machines will have a that allow them to go through grinds that need more pressure. There is a best pressure for extraction and higher pressures don't give this best flavor. You might even get a way too bitter espresso in this case.



The better your machine the less noise it should make. If your machine is too noisy it is not as good. You should always be able to hear your friend or partner in your kitchen when your espresso machine is going. If you can speak over your machine you can be able to tell your friends how yummy your espresso is before they even try it! Johnathan Bakers publishes especially for http://www.coffee-espresso-maker-tips.com , an online publication on the topic of coffee and cappuccino. Recording his experience in works such as http://www.coffee-espresso-maker-tips.com/expresso-machines.html ,the reviewer improved his experience on areas ]]> The Right Espresso From The Right Machine http://www.artwoo.com/article/the-right-espresso-from-the-right-machine http://www.artwoo.com/article/the-right-espresso-from-the-right-machine#comments Tue, 30 Jan 2007 14:27:05 +0000 espresso machineespresso machinessaavygrindcoffee housesmoka grindercheck valve http://www.artwoo.com/article/the-right-espresso-from-the-right-machine espresso machine

When you are in the market for an espresso machine you need to know which are the most important features to make the right choice. Since almost every manufacturer has more than one make and model you need to be a consumer. see what other houses are using when picking out their or use their knowledge to pick the best. Sometimes even the most sophisticated coffee consumer might need some help in picking out the best espresso machines on the market. Read on to learn how to buy one for your kitchen.



You know you have found a good espresso machine if it has a built-in er. A grind dial is usually present as well so that you know you are getting the right kind of grind. You need to calibrate your grinder and your new machine if you don't have a built-in grinder. Some grinder machines are set to a which could be too coarse for your espresso machine. You might need to experiment with the right grind after a few shots of espresso. The right one should be about 2 ounces of espresso in 27 seconds from a double basket.

A good espresso machine should be able to take grinds that are of more than one thickness. You can tell if a machine is good because the grinds won't become stuffed up or jammed if they are on the coarse side. The best machines will have a that allow them to go through grinds that need more pressure. There is a best pressure for extraction and higher pressures don't give this best flavor. You might even get a way too bitter espresso in this case.



The better your machine the less noise it should make. If your machine is too noisy it is not as good. You should always be able to hear your friend or partner in your kitchen when your espresso machine is going. If you can speak over your machine you can be able to tell your friends how yummy your espresso is before they even try it! Johnathan Bakers publishes especially for http://www.coffee-espresso-maker-tips.com , an online publication on the topic of coffee and cappuccino. Recording his experience in works such as http://www.coffee-espresso-maker-tips.com/expresso-machines.html ,the reviewer improved his experience on areas ]]> Espresso Martini http://www.artwoo.com/article/espresso-martini http://www.artwoo.com/article/espresso-martini#comments Mon, 03 Jul 2006 02:27:07 +0000 espresso shopsmochaccinomartini barscoffee liqueurvodkamartiniscoffee crystals http://www.artwoo.com/article/espresso-martini espresso shops and is it any wonder that the espresso martini has become popular as well? Sometimes called the espressotini, this drink is a perfect blend of caffeine and alcohol. If you're looking for a buzz that picks you up while relaxing you at the same time, then it's time that you asked your barista or your bartender for an espresso martini.

So what is an espresso martini? Well, that depends on who you ask. There are so many variations of this drink out there that there isn't a generally accepted recipe. The only consistent ingredients are espresso and and even then the espresso is sometimes substituted with coffee or even instant .

The best espresso are usually made with real espresso. If you're making one at home, be sure to let it cool to room temperature before adding it to your cocktail shaker. Using ice to cool down your espresso will just give you watered down espresso.

The vodka in an espresso martini is almost always of the flavored variety. The most popular option is using a vanilla vodka and adding a . But now there are espresso flavored vodkas available as well. Whether you use unflavored vodka, vanilla or espresso just remember that you don't want to use gin. It's true that martinis are made with gin but it really doesn't taste great when mixed with espresso.

Once the vodka and the espresso are added this is where all the variations come into play. Some people like to add a splash of Grand Marnier, while other recipes call for Tia Maria or Amaretto. Even chocolate liqueurs can be added if you prefer the taste of a to a regular espresso. If you like the taste of one of these liqueurs and you think it will go with your espresso martini then give it a try. Whatever you choose, be sure to only use a splash because the main purpose of this additional liqueur is to add a just hint of flavor. You don't want to overpower the primary flavors of the martini.

The one thing that almost all espresso martini recipes agree on is the garnish. Three espresso beans will top your drink off properly. The rules for garnishes say that odd amounts are lucky so go with one, three or five beans.

Espresso martinis are becoming more and more popular no matter how they are made. Whether you're a regular at your local coffee house or that swanky martini bar in the city, why not order an espressotini the next time you're looking for new and unusual drink. Anthony Tripodi is the webmaster of http://EndlessCoffeeBreak.com For more drink ideas like the Espresso Martini, please visit http://www.endlesscoffeebreak.com ]]> Learning About The Espresso Coffee Machine http://www.artwoo.com/article/learning-about-the-espresso-coffee-machine http://www.artwoo.com/article/learning-about-the-espresso-coffee-machine#comments Wed, 14 Feb 2007 06:27:03 +0000 espresso coffee machineespresso coffee machinesautomatic espressocoffee aficionadoscoffee grindspricey sidesemi automatic http://www.artwoo.com/article/learning-about-the-espresso-coffee-machine Coffee aficionados can likely relay the components of an much like car devotees can describe an engine. The components of this sophisticated machine work together to brew what many will report is the best coffee you are likely to drink. When it comes to understanding the espresso coffee machine, it's important to first understand the categories that are used to describe it.

The espresso coffee machine is defined as being a part of one of three categories -- manual, semi-automatic, and full-automatic.

The manual espresso coffee machine requires the most operator participation, calling for the operator to add water and , and activate the frother. The semi- coffee machine requires the operator to start the operation; when the espresso extraction is finished the operator then turns the machine off. The fully automatic espresso coffee machine is completely machine operated. They include water systems and bean grinders. Upon beginning, the espresso coffee machine completely takes over the process.

Finding your perfect espresso coffee machine means determining what level of convenience works best for you. Depending on how much you want to be involved in the espresso making process will determine the appropriate espresso coffee machine for you. Some of the more complex machines are on the large and . So depending on your space considerations and budget you can limit your research guidelines.

The Internet can be a fantastic resource for research resources. Consumer sites can lead you in the right direction as far as brand popularity and those that have performed the best over time. Shopping around your local retail stores will also give you an idea of what models are selling and the prices you should expect to pay.

An espresso coffee machine can make your home a haven as you sit back and enjoy the perfect cup of espresso any time of day. For easy to understand, in depth information about espresso visit our ezGuide 2 http://espresso.ezguide2.com ]]> The Secret Of Espresso Coffee Makers http://www.artwoo.com/article/the-secret-of-espresso-coffee-makers http://www.artwoo.com/article/the-secret-of-espresso-coffee-makers#comments Sat, 28 Jul 2007 21:14:59 +0000 espresso coffee makersespresso cupamericano coffeecoffee drinkscoffee beveragecoffee barscaf http://www.artwoo.com/article/the-secret-of-espresso-coffee-makers Espresso coffee makers are one of the most used worldwide.

The first thing to say is that all espresso coffee makers are for everyone to enjoy and not just for restaurants and and so forth. You can buy new models big or small that can be used in your house too. The big ones can be used for parties and smaller ones for making just a few cups. Moreover, espresso coffee makers make more than just espresso. At least, they only make espresso, but espresso is the base for other too.

Kinds of Espresso Coffee

1. You can also make a cappuccino which is made of just equal parts of espresso, steamed milk and milk froth, together with some spices or cocoa available that you can add if needed. One part espresso and two parts of steamed milk make a flat white and is served in a cappuccino cup which is bigger than an . This drink is popular in Europe, especially in Italy, and in New Zealand.

2. =E9 Latte is just espresso mixed with steamed milk topped with milk froth from steaming the milk. It is generally served it in a tall glass. You can sweeten the taste if you like by using flavored syrup instead of sugar. Thanks to espresso coffee makers there is an opportunity of creating a perfect .

3. is espresso with hot water for those who find espresso too strong for their tastes.

4. Caf=E9 macchiato is just espresso with a little steamed milk on top. You can use flavored syrup with this one, too. You'll look like an experienced coffee barman if you make this for your guests.

5. Latte macchiato is the opposite of a caf=E9 macchiato and is served in a tall glass filled with steamed milk topped with a little espresso.

6. Caf=E9 breve is made when you steam half and half in your espresso.

You can practically enjoy new espresso recipes any time, thanks to the popularity of espresso coffee makers.

At the end of the day, the dream of becoming a coffee barman will finally overwhelm you. Moreover, you can look over the latest in espresso coffee makers and maybe one day one of those very same espresso coffee makers will find a home with you. At that point, you will be able to offer all of the espresso-based drinks that your family and friends can enjoy, making you the number one coffee espresso barista in your neck of the woods!

These were only a few suggestions, a few commonsensical tips to you about espresso coffee makers. If you have grasped these few insights and the right espresso coffee maker, the probability of making mistakes in making espresso coffee would be very less. A. Fimiani a man who has the passion for writing and likes to express his emotions through the net. Visit: http://flavoredcoffee101.blogspot.com/ ]]> Espresso - The Morning Wake Up Call http://www.artwoo.com/article/espresso-the-morning-wake-up-call http://www.artwoo.com/article/espresso-the-morning-wake-up-call#comments Wed, 30 Jul 2008 20:15:23 +0000 drip coffeecoffee espressomid 1940sespresso machinefluid ounceespresso machinescoffee beverage http://www.artwoo.com/article/espresso-the-morning-wake-up-call
The word espresso comes from the Italian words caffè espresso which literally means pressed-out coffee. Espresso is brewed by forcing very hot water under high pressure through coffee that has been ground to a consistency between extremely fine and powder. This process extracts a very flavorful concentrated . In Italy, good espresso is defined by the "four Ms" -- Miscela, Macinazione, Macchina, Mano. These four words loosely translates to: blend of coffee beans, the grinding process, the machine, and the person making the espresso.

Espresso was developed in Milan, Italy in the early 20th century, but up until the mid-1940s it was a beverage produced solely with steam pressure. A simple uses a pot, a filter, ground coffee and a spout. The as water in the pot is heated pressure builds inside the pot, and the
only way for it to escape is up the spout, through the coffee and out of the spout in the top. Since the end of the spout is under water, the pressure forces the hot water up through the spout. Modern day have really caught on since the invention of the spring piston lever machine. This machines commercial success changed espresso into the beverage we know today. Starbucks has taken espresso production to a new level and the market continues to grow each year.

How does Espresso Differ from Coffee?

So what makes espresso so much different than regular coffee? For starters it has a thicker consistency than standard . It also contains a higher amount of dissolved solids than drip coffee per relative volume. And probably the most noticeable thing when you pay $6 bucks is that the serving is much smaller. Espresso is usually measured in shots, which are between 25 and 30 ml (around 1 ) in size. Espresso is also chemically complex and somewhat volatile, with many of its chemical components quickly degrading from oxidation or loss of temperature. Just by looking at it, the most distinguishing characteristic is "crema". Crema is the reddish-brown foam that floats on the surface and is composed of vegetable oils, proteins and sugars. Crema has elements of both emulsion and foam colloid.

Because of the high pressure brewing process, espresso tends to be a very highly concentrated "shot" of coffee. While there can be significant variation, on a per-volume basis, espresso contains approximately three times the caffeine content of regular brewed coffee. In most cases, 1 shot of espresso will have about half the caffeine of a standard large coffee. For this reason, it has become the base ingredient for other drinks, such as lattes, cappuccino, macchiato and mochas.

Which type of coffee beans is used to make espresso?

Contrary to popular belief, there is no specific coffee bean type or roast required to make espresso. Remember, espresso is made from the process, not the bean or blend. Typically, espresso is made from a blend of beans that can be roasted ranging between dark and light. Depending on the consumer, the blend chosen is purely a decision on taste. Commercial espresso makers like Starbucks go with a darker roast of beans to produce their traditional flavor.

What the heck is a Barista?

Barista is the Italian word for bartender. So an expert operator of an espresso machine is considered a barista. Starbucks uses this term to refer to their counter staff and thus the term has gained popularity in the U.S. A "home barista" is one who enjoys making espresso at their home.

A final word on espresso

As more and more Americans pour (no pun intended) into the local Starbucks or the Seattle's Best coffee shops, the popularity of espresso grows. Owning your own espresso maker has become quite popular in recent years and there are many styles of machines to choose from. Some operate with just the touch of a button. I encourage you to do your research before you buy there are many different options and many different price ranges to consider. Good luck on your quest for the perfect cup of espresso be it home brewed or Starbucks original.Dale Martin hosts a site that posts reviews and information on espresso machines. If you would like to learn more or to read reviews of specific espresso machines, please visit us at www.espressomachines-review.com]]> Great Machines For All Kinds Of Java http://www.artwoo.com/article/great-machines-for-all-kinds-of-java http://www.artwoo.com/article/great-machines-for-all-kinds-of-java#comments Mon, 29 Jan 2007 16:27:08 +0000 ghiradelli chocolatecoffee selectionmexican coffeeone cup coffee makerspapau new guineavanilla flavoringvanilla latte http://www.artwoo.com/article/great-machines-for-all-kinds-of-java
There are more ways to drink, sip, or slurp your coffee than you can imagine. For those of you who stick to the same old brew from day after day then it is time to spice things up!

Did you know that ns grow coffee? Did you know that mixing Sumatran coffee from Indonesian with coffee from Papau New Guinea makes one of the best and boldest brews out there? There are so many ways to blend your coffee, its amazing!

For instance try a Sumatran blended with Colombian Patron for a roast that is dark, smoky, and brews just right.



You can also experiment with flavorings to change up your . Try adding cherry or to your Brazilian blend for that light touch. Try a Tahitian variety blended into the prefect to really get your taste buds raring to go!

To make the perfect mocha you can try different types of chocolate with different kinds of beans for the best taste. For instance a Yemeni coffee blended with dark chocolate is absolutely delicious. You can always try an American roast with some for a lighter drink.



You can also try out different kinds of liqueurs and liquors that can give your coffee a new twist.



Try adding dessert pears, brown sugar, and a splash of run to a Jamaican brew for a yummy drink. You can also use apricots and brandy in place of pears and rum for another twist. Costa Rican blends an be mixed with Amaretto for that silky sweet taste we love.



You can brew your with cocoa beans for a delicious winter drink or something hot and spicy for summer as well. Try a frozen cappuccino from one of the machines at your local coffee house to cool down in the summer heat. Add a dash of mint flavoring for a super cool feeling.



If you don't need that extra caffeine in your diet, then try a decaf that still has a rich flavor. You can try an Italian Espresso or a Marrakesh Decaf to keep al the flavor in your brew.



If you like a nutty flavor try a Macademian brew with a hint of chocolate. You can also add a raspberry or coconut flavor to mix things up! No matter how you like your coffee, try something new and like it even more! Jack Blacksmith is publishing normally for http://www.coffee-espresso-maker-tips.com , a website with topics around coffee types and espresso. His publications on one cup coffee makers are found on http://www.coffee-espresso-maker-tips.com/one-cup-coffee-makers.html as well as other websites. ]]> Make A Coffee Treat In Your Own Kitchen http://www.artwoo.com/article/make-a-coffee-treat-in-your-own-kitchen http://www.artwoo.com/article/make-a-coffee-treat-in-your-own-kitchen#comments Sun, 28 Jan 2007 16:27:08 +0000 grind and brew coffeecoffee ice creamsip coffeecoffee beveragecoffee drinkinternational coffeehangover cure http://www.artwoo.com/article/make-a-coffee-treat-in-your-own-kitchen International Coffee Treats

It's hard to keep track of all the names for s and beans these days. Fortunately the abundance of choice makes finding a new favorite easier than ever. If you prefer drinking coffee out that is fine or drink it at home and purchase one of the new fancy makers. No matter if you in your kitchen or on the street, there is a name for everything and a few you should learn!

For instance the European, Frappe, is one commonly mispronounced in the States. The 'e' is silent. Latin Americans also enjoy the Frappe which is made by pour two teaspoons of sugar, a dash of milk, crushed ice, and chilled espresso together. You can also add brandy or crème de cacao for a subtle change. Drink it with a straw to be more "Euro."

The Cappuccino Borgia is named after a poisner! You can add together a quarter-cup of peeled orange with 1 and a cups of chocolate ice cream, about six tablespoons of orange juice, milk, and some espresso. Now blend it all together for an amazing drink that brings us back to the 15th century Italy!



Try a Caribbean speciality with the Calypso Cooler. This drink mixes coffee, bananas, , and rum for an over the top treat!

Try the Coffee Zabaglone for another timeless treat. You add cup dry Marsala, sugar, salt, 4 egg yolks and then wisk them all together and cook the mixture on the stove. Add some Italian roast to the mix and you have an amazing and breakfast drink.

Jump to New Orleans for a 'Mardi Gras' by mixing cup heavy cream, bourbon, eggnog and a extra hearty American roast. This should help you stay up and party all night long!

The Scandinavians, coffee lovers in their own right, use cardamom to make a delicious coffee drink called, Cardomom Kaffee. Make this by heating up a mixture of a teaspoon of sugar, two teaspoons of curacao, and 1/8 of cognac. 10 seconds in a microwave or on the stove should do and then light it on fire with a match. Add a half-cup of coffee and you have a great winter treat!

No matter what the coffee name is you can always give a kick to your brew with an international treat! Focusing on the topic of coffee, Clinton Maxwell works almost entirely for http://www.coffee-espresso-maker-tips.com . You can come across his work over at http://www.coffee-espresso-maker-tips.com/grind-and-brew-coffee-makers.html and various other sources for grind and brew coffee makers informati ]]> Feel Refreshed Quickly With The Help Of An Automatic Espresso Machine http://www.artwoo.com/article/feel-refreshed-quickly-with-the-help-of-an-automatic-espresso-machine http://www.artwoo.com/article/feel-refreshed-quickly-with-the-help-of-an-automatic-espresso-machine#comments Tue, 26 Dec 2006 16:27:13 +0000 automatic espresso machineespresso machine coffeeespresso machinescoffee beanscup of coffeecoffee brewground coffee http://www.artwoo.com/article/feel-refreshed-quickly-with-the-help-of-an-automatic-espresso-machine automatic espresso machine.

Coffee at Your Fingertips

The reason for most inventions is to make life a little easier.

With all the hustle and bustle of life, it can be difficult to stop and wait for . That's why people are enjoying the speed of an automatic espresso machine.



Originally were created to get a perfect combination of taste and intensity in coffee. Over time there were three types of espresso machines: the semi automatic espresso machine, the automatic espresso machine and the fully automatic espresso machine.



You need water, fresh , and power to use a semi automatic espresso machine. You have to make sure you have the perfect amount of each thing in order to make a great . For an automatic espresso machine, you don't have to worry about the proper amount of water being present. This is because the flow meter in the automatic espresso machine detects the amount of water and automatically stops the flow after each cup of espresso. With the fully automatic espresso machine, you only need to supply the and press a button when you are ready for a drink. The machine has a grinder inside to grind the coffee beans and it automatically draws the water, without you having to do a thing.

How Do I Pick an Automatic Espresso Machine?

It is best to choose the machine based on the number of people that will be using the automatic espresso machine. If you live alone and only drink one cup a day, than the automatic espresso machine is the best choice. The problem with choosing the fully automatic espresso machine is that the coffee beans would be out too long and loose their flavor.

If you need an espresso machine for work, than the best choice is the fully automatic espresso machine. This machine was created for commercial use. It quickly produces multiple cups of coffee, so that people aren't waiting around a long time for their coffee.

If you are a coffee fanatic who loves to make coffee as much as drinking it, than the semi automatic espresso machine is right for you. Since you will be putting a lot of manual labor into your coffee, it is important that you don't mind the work.

There are a lot of automatic espresso machines available online. You are only a few clicks away from being able to wake up to a fresh cup of espresso everyday. Mike Walker is webmaster of http://espressoland.com/, which goal is give you good and latest information about Espresso coffee machine and espresso coffe. You can learn and print out almost anything about Esspresso, from Espresso coffee machine to espresso coffe. ]]> Illy Coffee Is Rather Like A Fine Wine http://www.artwoo.com/article/illy-coffee-is-rather-like-a-fine-wine http://www.artwoo.com/article/illy-coffee-is-rather-like-a-fine-wine#comments Thu, 17 Jan 2008 03:20:01 +0000 moka potsmoka potespresso illyeasy serving espressoarabica beanscreamy caramel100 arabica http://www.artwoo.com/article/illy-coffee-is-rather-like-a-fine-wine
Illy coffee was founded in 1933 by Francesco Illy. Today, Illy markets a single blend of remarkable coffee made of 100% from nine different growing regions in Africa, India, South America and Central America. It is this blend of beans from different growing conditions that gives Illy its unique taste.

Illy thinks of coffee rather like a fine wine=85 they describe the tasting experience as something that not only affects the palate, but the entire person through all the senses. They strive to create a consistent coffee with every cup, offering richness, a mixture of flavors including fruity and flowery, with hints of caramel, chocolate, almond and honey blending together to create an unforgettable cup of coffee.

Illy coffee is best experienced as espresso. Illy believes that espresso is the quintessential method for true coffee lovers to enjoy coffee. The Illy espresso blend features notes of caramel and chocolate, toast and honey. It is velvety and sweet, setting the stage for the pleasant bitter tingle that is soon to follow. An authentic Italian coffee, Illy's espresso awakens the spirit, caresses the senses, and opens the doors of the mind. Their espresso is available in a fine grind, a medium grind, as whole bean, or in moka, if you use a for preparation. They also make ESE () in pods, to use in any ESE-compatible coffee maker. Illy's newest coffee innovation is the Hyper Espresso Capsules, to be used in the Francis Francis Hyper Espresso Machine. Any of these can be used to make creamy cappuccinos as well.

For perfectly brewed coffee every time, Illy recommends its medium grind for use in automatic drip coffee machines. Illy makes their medium grind available in a medium roast for those who prefer a smooth flavor with notes of caramel and chocolate; for those who prefer a more robust flavor, they offer a dark roast with deep notes of cocoa and hints of .

For those who like using , Illy offers a special coarse grind. For those who don't know what a moka pot is, think of a better designed percolator. It is used on the stove top, cold water is put in the bottom, coffee is put in a filter, the lid is put on, and as the water heats, and it rises through the filter. When the coffee begins to sputter, it is done.

Illy coffee can also be brewed using a flip pot, a French press, or in the thick Turkish style.

Illy coffee makers are state of the art, too. They offer the Francis Francis X1 Espresso Machine, the Hyper Espresso System for the Hyper Espresso Capsules, and the Francis Francis Trio, which work with the ESEs. All are true works of art, designed by architect Luca Trazzi.

And finally, to finish off the perfect coffee experience, Illy began commissioning cups from Italian designer Matteo Thun in 1990.The first edition was available to the public in 1992. Illy offers these cups in signed limited editions, treating the cup as canvas. Each edition is decorated by a different artist. Administrator of http://www.factsoncoffee.com A site containing many,many types of Coffee Information ]]> Deciding Beans With Barista http://www.artwoo.com/article/deciding-beans-with-barista http://www.artwoo.com/article/deciding-beans-with-barista#comments Fri, 31 Aug 2007 12:25:00 +0000 coffee plantsarabica beansrobusta arabicabaristaaltitudebrazilcompany buyers http://www.artwoo.com/article/deciding-beans-with-barista company buyers share the 's goal of seeking out the beans that will make such a great drink.

The barista will be the one that stands in the front line of the last consumer each day and will get the actual feedback on the greatness or the actual loss of the efforts.

Do you want to know what a barista thinks about a bean and the product that it makes? I do.

About seventy different countries now grow coffee from the beans that are taken from Africa to the Middle East, out of South American to the Caribbean and clean over to Hawaii. It is all going to be in a distance of about 25 degrees of the equator south and north.

It is no surprise that the differences in the climate, , equipment and so many other differences are going to make the beans range in variety from different countries. Even those with different places of growth will have different tasting items.

will actually come in two different types of categories. This will be arabica and robusta. Arabica is going to have less caffeine from the robust but it is used for the finer coffees. The beans are more flavorful and will have much more great smell than ever.

Coffee is going to grow better in the higher altitudes. This will mean that the Milds from the from the plants that are grown at 3000 feet or higher will be chosen the most. is different from arabica beans that are grown in Brazil however, they are at a lower altitude.



There will be different opinions from consumer to consumer to if they want to roast their own or if they do not. If the beans are not roasted, they will be green, soft and have a vegetable odor to them. This is going to be normal.



Anyone that is looking for the roasted, they will have plenty to pick from. There is going to be a light or cinnamon that is named for the color of spice and is not related to the flavor. These are going to be acidic and have a very high level of caffeine in them.

American roast or the medium is going to be a little darker and very popular since it is the one that is used by all the big coffee vendors all over the world. They are going to include Folgers and Yoban. The quality is not going to meet Barista's standards by any means.

The Dark or otherwise known as the City roast is usually what is found in many specialty shops. This is where the process has lowered the caffeine and the acid in the taste of it. The result is going to be more pleasing and have a sweeter taste to each cup of coffee. This is going to be used for the normal cup of espresso as well.

The next type is the French roast. It is named because the French prefer their coffee to have more body and taste. The beans are going to look dark brown and have an oily base to them. You should look carefully at them and take in the smell so that you are not confusing these beans with the ones that have been burnt. You can even use these in your cappuccino machines.

The darkest of the coffees is the Italian roast type of coffee, often used by many people and businesses in special espressos. The color and aroma is known for one tasty cup of brew.

As you go down the scale of color, the cups are going to be made from the beans that have a less acid and are sweeter. This is what comes from carmelization or the browning and thickening like syrup. This will occur of the sugars that happen due to the roasting process. Along with this, some of the caffeine, which is bitter, will seem to burn up and will produce a smoother cup of coffee.

When you are out shopping for coffee beans, you should think about the barista who has to do nothing but taste coffee all day. They will have to take in the wonderful aromas of coffee all day long and that person is really going to know what they are talking about. Think about this the next time you are choosing what to use in your makers. Focusing on informating about coffee, Johnathan Bakers published principally for http://www.coffee-espresso-maker-tips.com . Recording his experience in publications (e.g. http://www.coffee-espresso-maker-tips.com/cappuccino-machines.html on cappuccino machines ) he affirmed his skill in the area. ]]> Coffee Hot And Fast With An Automatic Espresso Machine http://www.artwoo.com/article/coffee-hot-and-fast-with-an-automatic-espresso-machine http://www.artwoo.com/article/coffee-hot-and-fast-with-an-automatic-espresso-machine#comments Sun, 31 Dec 2006 16:27:11 +0000 automatic espresso machinecoffee lovercup of coffeecoffee shopcoffee reciperivalssemi automatic http://www.artwoo.com/article/coffee-hot-and-fast-with-an-automatic-espresso-machine coffee lover -- those who love their coffee pure and rich and strong - not much the in terms of convenience. Whether you visit your local where the air comes alive with the hiss and heat of steam or you invest in an at-home automatic espresso machine where you're free to tinker with the perfect , the results are the same -- the perfect and a very, very happy coffee lover.

The automatic espresso machine comes in two varieties; and full automatic. Using a semi automatic espresso machine requires partial participation on the part of the user. Whoever is operating the machine must start it at which point the automatic espresso machine takes over. When the brewing process is complete, the user then shuts down the machine. The full automatic espresso machine does not require any operator participation. This is usually a larger and pricier automatic espresso machine due to its heightened complexity; but it brews completely on its own coordinating a system of water, grinders, and extractors.

Deciding which automatic espresso machine would best suit your needs depends on its intended use. For commercial use, a full automatic espresso machine makes more sense; there's more space for a larger machine and the demand for multiple cups of espresso would make the need for heavy operator participation inefficient.

For at home use, a semi automatic espresso machine would be sufficient for private brewing. Its smaller size takes space issues into consideration and it is normally less pricey than its larger counterpart.

To find the model that works best for you, start your research on the Internet. You will be able to access thousands of consumer report records that will tell you which of the machines you are interested are performing the best.

Whether it's in the local coffee shop -- or in your home - an automatic espresso machine can readily brew the highest quality cup of coffee available. For easy to understand, in depth information about espresso visit our ezGuide 2 http://espresso.ezguide2.com ]]>